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Oils
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Fabricio Almeida de Sousa, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva
Alcohols are classified as chemical compounds that have the general formula ROH, where R represents an alkyl group and –OH a hydroxyl group. Depending on how the –OH group is positioned on the alkyl group, alcohols are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary. For example, butanol has three structural isomers – n-butanol (1-butanol or butyl alcohol), 2-butanol (secondary butanol or isobutyl alcohol) and t-butanol (or tert-butyl alcohol: a tert-butanol with a hindered hydroxyl on the same carbon with three methyl groups) (Figure 10.2 ).
Removal of malathion insecticide from aqueous solution by the integration of persulfate process and magnetite nanoparticles loaded on carbon (Fe3O4@CNT) in the presence of ultraviolet radiation
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Malektaj Eskandari makvand, Sima Sabzalipour, Mahboobeh Cheraghia, Neda Orak
In the presence of benzoic acid (BA), the amount of malathion decomposition and destruction noticeably decreased to 21%. These results revealed the presence of sulfate and hydroxyl radicals in the malathion decomposition. However, in the presence of tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), the decomposition rate reached 46% during the 60 min reaction time, which is indicative of this occurrence. Additionally, in the presence of sodium azide (SA), the efficiency of the system decreased, indicating the participation of oxygen in the malathion decomposition. Nonetheless, sodium azide (SA) is also known as a scavenger for the hydroxyl radical; therefore, its reaction rate with hydroxyl (1 × 109 M−1 S−1) is approximately equal to its reaction rate with oxygen (2 × 109 M−1 S−1) (Qi et al.2016, Wang et al.2016).
Dyes adsorption properties of KOH-activated resorcinol-formaldehyde carbon gels -kinetic, isotherm and dynamic studies
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Azrul Nurfaiz Mohd Faizal, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini
Resorcinol (R) and formaldehyde (F) were mixed at a R:F molar ratio of 0.5 in the presence of sodium carbonate as catalyst (C), and water. The solution was stirred for 45 min and transferred into a sealed mold to avoid the evaporation of water. For the curing process, the mold was placed in an oven at 35 °C for 24 h. After that, the oven temperature was increased to 60 °C for 48 h, and finally to 80 °C for another 24 h. After the curing process, the wet gel was allowed to cool at room temperature for 24 h. Then, it was soaked in tert-butyl-alcohol for 3 days at room temperature to remove trapped water from the interiors of wet gel. The gel was oven-dried at 110 °C for 3 days, followed by carbonization at 550 °C for 2 h. The carbon gels were designated as RF100 and RF2000 for R:C molar ratios of 100 and 2000, respectively. The carbon gel was mixed with potassium hydroxide solution at KOH-to-carbon gel mass ratio of 2:1, stirred for 45 min and then oven-dried at 110 °C for 24 h. Next, the impregnated carbon gel was activated in a furnace at 550 °C for 2 h. The resultant activated carbon gel was washed with distilled water to remove excess KOH. The samples were designated as AC100 and AC2000, respectively.
Boron phenyl alanine targeted chitosan–PNIPAAm core–shell thermo-responsive nanoparticles: boosting drug delivery to glioblastoma in BNCT
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Monireh Soleimanbeigi, Fatemeh Dousti, Farshid Hassanzadeh, Mina Mirian, Jaleh Varshosaz, Yaser Kasesaz, Mahboubeh Rostami
We synthesized l-BPA-BOC with slight modification based on the earlier procedure [42]. Briefly, to a solution of 500 mg l-BPA (2.392 mmol) in 2 mL tert-butyl alcohol, 2 mL of NaOH (105 mg, 2.631 mmol in deionized water), BOC2O (575 mg, 2.631 mmol, in 5 mL tert-butyl alcohol) was added dropwise below the 0 °C under stirring, the resulting mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After the completion of the reaction (confirmed by TLC), solvent was removed, and water added to the remaining. The product was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL), washed with 10 mL of citric acid (10% solution), and 10 mL brine solution. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated to get the white solids. The chemical structure of l-BPA-BOC was studied by FT-IR and 1H NMR spectra.