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The Antidepressant Effects of Yueue and the Herbs of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
The Kai xin san mixture contains a number of unique complex terpenoids from ginseng known as ginsenosides; the Polygala saponins (arillatanoside A, tenuifolin), terpenoids (tumulosic acid, pachymic acid, dehydropachymic acid), oligosaccharide esters (18, including sibiricoses A1 and A6), and tenuifolisides A; as well as alpha, beta, and gamma asarone, cis- and trans-methylisoeugenol, methyl eugenol, polygalaxanthone, and pachymic acid from Acorus tatarinowii and Poria.
Herbal medicine for psychiatric disorders: Psychopharmacology and neuroscience-based nomenclature
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2019
Siu W. Tang, Wayne H. Tang, Brian E. Leonard
Another important herb, Polygala tenuifolia, is commonly used together with Ziziphus jujube for the purpose of sedation, symptoms of depression and anxiety, excessive dreams, low mood and mental exhaustion, forgetfulness and cognitive enhancement (Hong et al. 2016). The ingredients identified are numerous. Under the NbN, the pharmacology of this herb would be ‘BDNF-CREB modifier and GABA’. The mode of action is ‘GABA and neuroprotective’ (Liang et al. 2011), including ‘DA neurons protection (Yuan et al. 2012), anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative’. It increases Glu NR2B expression in the rat hippocampus. It is an anti-amyloid β (Jia et al. 2004), which explains its anti-dementia property (Xie et al. 2012). Tenuifolin exhibits a fast anti-depressant action with a mechanism similar to ketamine, through activation of the mTOR pathway and modulation of glutamatergic synapses (Shin et al, 2014). Polygalasaponin in the herb antagonises scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment (Zhou et al. 2016b) and improves hippocampal learning and memory (Xue et al. 2009). Tenuifoliside may exert its neuroprotective effect through a BDNF/TrkB-ERK/PI3K-CREB signalling pathway (Dong et al. 2014a) and shows a synergistic action together with another ingredient: 3,6′-disinapoyl sucrose, which also acts on this same pathway (Liu et al. 2016). It has a strong anti-inflammatory action through the inhibition of the NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways (Kim et al. 2013). The application of the NbN to this herb is shown in Figure 2.
UHPLC-MS/MS method for pharmacokinetic and bioavailability determination of five bioactive components in raw and various processed products of Polygala tenuifolia in rat plasma
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Xin Zhao, Baoxin Xu, Peng Wu, Pan Zhao, Changchuan Guo, Yueli Cui, Yanxue Zhang, Xuelan Zhang, Huifen Li
Recent pharmacological studies have suggested that PT and its extracted fractions have significant effects regarding neuroprotection (Wang et al. 2019), anti-amnesia (Zhang et al. 2008), anti-depressant properties (Cao et al. 2018) and relieving the symptoms of extreme fear in rats (Shin et al. 2018). The main chemical components in PT include triterpenoid saponins, oligosaccharide esters and organic acids, of which oligosaccharide esters and organic acids are beneficial for the central nervous system (Liu et al. 2015; Chen et al. 2016). Sibiricose A5 (A5), sibiricose A6 (A6), 3,6′-disinapoyl sucrose (DSS) and tenuifoliside A (TFSA) are representative oligosaccharide esters in PT, while 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid (TMCA) is a representative organic acid, which showed anti-seizure (Chen et al. 2016), anti-stroke (Li et al. 2017), anti-inflammatory (Kim et al. 2013), neuroprotective (Liu et al. 2015) and anti-depressant-like effects (Hu et al. 2010). To date, several pharmacokinetic studies about the active components of PT have been reported. For instance, it has been reported that the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of three Polygala saponin hydrolysates were determined by a sensitive LC-MS/MS method (Wang et al. 2015). Moreover, the pharmacokinetics of TFSA, tenuifoliside C, polygalaxanthone III and tenuifolin from PT extract in rat plasma were acquired using LC-MS/MS (Lin et al. 2014b). Recently, our research group established a UHPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous and quantitative determination of A5, A6, DSS, TFSA, tenuifoliside B, tenuifoliside C and TMCA in rat plasma (Xu et al. 2018b). However, pharmacokinetic comparisons of the main active components among raw and various processed products of PT have not been reported. Additionally, the bioavailability studies involving oligosaccharide esters and organic acids of PT are rare.
Polygalae Radix shortens the circadian period through activation of the CaMKII pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Atsushi Haraguchi, Keisuke Saito, Yu Tahara, Shigenobu Shibata
In addition, to identify what component of Polygalae Radix has the shortening effect on biological clock, we examine the effects of tenuifolin. Tenuifolin is one of the main components of Polygalae Radix and elicits sleep-promoting effects in zebrafish (Chen et al. 2020). However, tenuifolin had no effects on period length and amplitude of clock gene expression rhythm (Figure S3).