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Nardostachys jatamansi (Spikenard) and Ocimum tenuiflorum (Holy Basil)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Mani Iyer Prasanth, Premrutai Thitilertdecha, Dicson Sheeja Malar, Tewin Tencomnao, Anchalee Prasansuklab, James Michael Brimson
Nootropic drugs, sometimes colloquially known as smart drugs or cognitive enhancers, are claimed to improve cognitive functions such as memory, creativity, and motivation in healthy individuals (Frati et al., 2015). There is an apparent demand for drugs in the modern, fast-paced society that can improve productivity and ability in the tasks required for learning and creative thinking. Students are under tremendous pressure to succeed with more and more competition in the job market. They feel it is essential to achieve the top grades at all costs. This has created a demand for drugs that can improve cognitive abilities.
Ethnomedicinal and Pharmacological Importance of Glycyrrhiza glabra L
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Wild Plants, 2020
Ashish K. Bhattarai, Sanjaya M. Dixit
Nootropics are drugs, supplements, and other substances that may improve cognitive functions, such as memory, creativity, etc., in healthy individuals. Significant improvement in learning and memory of mice was reported at the dose of 150 mg/kg when investigated in mice. Three doses of aqueous extract of licorice were administered (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg p.o) for seven successive days in separate groups of animals. Elevated plus-maze and passive avoidance paradigm were used as experimental setup to test learning and memory (Dhingra et al. 2004).
Medha Rasayana Plants
Published in Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu, Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
Atanu Bhattacharjee, Biplab Kumar Dey
Dimagh Pushtak Rasayan is an Ayurvedic Rasayana formulation, composed of C. alsinoids, W. somnifera, C. asiatica, B. monnieri, Makaradhwaj (sulfide of mercury), and N. jatamansi. This drug exhibited nootropic effects in in-vivo experimental models. The memory-enhancing effects of the formulation were attributed to cholinergic mechanisms (Kulkarni et al., 1994; Handa et al., 1997).
Nine prohibited stimulants found in sports and weight loss supplements: deterenol, phenpromethamine (Vonedrine), oxilofrine, octodrine, beta-methylphenylethylamine (BMPEA), 1,3-dimethylamylamine (1,3-DMAA), 1,4-dimethylamylamine (1,4-DMAA), 1,3-dimethylbutylamine (1,3-DMBA) and higenamine
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Pieter A. Cohen, John C. Travis, Céline Vanhee, Dana Ohana, Bastiaan J. Venhuis
The present study raises an additional concern regarding FDA enforcement of the laws regulating supplements in the US. A legal route to introduce a new ingredient as a dietary supplement ingredient is to submit a ‘new dietary ingredient’ application to the FDA. If the FDA acknowledges receipt of the application without expressing concerns, the ingredient can be introduced in dietary supplements. The agency declined to acknowledge the application for deterenol in 2004 arguing that it is not a permitted dietary ingredient [6]. Our study is not the first to document the introduction of a drug in supplements after the FDA rejected an application to market the drug as a supplement, as was also the case for the nootropic piracetam [34]. In the case of deterenol, the lack of enforcement is particularly concerning given that supplements containing deterenol have been linked in Europe to a series of serious adverse effects including sudden death [4].
When an obscurity becomes trend: social-media descriptions of tianeptine use and associated atypical drug use
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2021
Kirsten E. Smith, Jeffery M. Rogers, Justin C. Strickland, David H. Epstein
Across posts, a prominent theme was “polydrug use that included tianeptine” (n = 210). This included polydrug use in which tianeptine was being used on the same occasions as other substances or as part of the same longer-term pattern of use (within weeks or months) with myriad licit and illicit substances. This also included research chemicals and supplements with varying degrees of legality. The breadth of substances discussed in posts was substantial and not all were psychoactive (see Table 2). Although there were mentions of substances we expected to find, there were also many we had not anticipated (e.g., memantine, Vortioxetine) or that were heretofore unknown to us (e.g., HRX-1074, GLYX-1). Substances frequently discussed as being co-used with tianeptine were typically referred to as “nootropics” (or “noots”, or “cognitive enhancers”). The most frequently mentioned nootropic drug was phenibut (n = 35; 4-amino-3-phenul-butyric acid), a GABAB agonist with anxiolytic and putative cognitive-enhancing effects sold online as a dietary supplement, and clinically prescribed only in Russia (31–35). The second most frequently mentioned nootropic drug (n = 25) were racetams (e.g., piracetam, phenylpiracetam, levetiracetam), a drug class with a shared pyrrolidone nucleus that is also purported by vendors to have cognitive enhancing effects (36,37).
A Randomized Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial Demonstrating Safety & Efficacy of EnXtra® in Healthy Adults
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2021
Shalini Srivastava, Mark Mennemeier, Jayesh Anand Chaudhary
“Nootropics” or “Brain boosters” are supplements that enhance cognitive performance of an individual. They work by increasing memory, creativity, motivation, and attention via multiple underlying brain processes and related psychological constructs (1). Most of these formulations contain natural or synthetic ingredients such as, Vinpocetin, L-theanine, L-tyrosine, taurine and vitamin B6/B12 (2) However, a standard ingredient in each of these products is caffeine. Although its use goes back centuries, the caffeine-supplement-landscape is changing drastically (3). Globally, the number of high energy supplements has increased substantially and caffeinated products with innovative claims have flooded the market. Nonetheless, lack of high quality data with regards to general product safety and efficacy has alarmed both, researchers and users alike.