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Honey and Its Immunostimulatory Activities
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
Currently, around 300 forms of honey have been identified (Lay-Flurrie, 2008). These types are associated with the various kinds of nectar that are gathered by the honey bees. Though these different varieties of honey are from different manufacturer bees, the nutrients found in 100 grams of the generally used honey include around 65 to 73.1% carbohydrates which comprise sucrose (0.23 to 1.21%), maltose (1.8 to 2.7%), glucose (25.4 to 28.1%) and fructose (35.6 to 41.8%) while 17 to 18% is water, and other nutrients including minerals, vitamins, proteins and amino acids are 0.50 to 1% (Cianciosi et al., 2018). Honey demonstrates changed compositions related to climate, species of bee, geographical and botanical origin (Al-Hatamleh, Boer, et al., 2020). The tremendous therapeutic properties of honey are related to the antioxidant phenolic constituents that differ in all types of honey, naturally based on the floral honey derivation; phenolic constituents are secondary metabolites established in honey with various chemical configurations, including polyphenols (flavonoids) and phenolic acids. In spite of the changeability in the compositions of honey, the most abundant flavonoids are genistein, kaempferol, luteolin, apigenin, galangin, pinocembrin, quercetin, chrysin and pinobanksin. However, the most plentiful phenolic acids are caffeic acid, syringic acid, gallic acid, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, syringic acid and chlorogenic acid (Cianciosi et al., 2018) (Figure 13.2).
Fenugreek
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Fenugreek has powerful antioxidant properties, more particularly from the aqueous fraction than the flavonoids and phenolics linked to its health benefits. Fenugreek contains a fairly high amount of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, amino acids and other antioxidants. It contains a major class of phenolics like gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, gentisic acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid and syringic acid of the seed extract. Fenugreek endosperm contains 35% alkaloids, primarily trigonelline. All these compounds are classified as biologically active, as these have pharmacological effects on the human body when ingested (Table 7.3). Their use should, therefore, be promoted in daily diet or through supplementation to manage hypercholesterolemia, cancer and diabetes mellitus as they possess hypoglycaemic, antilipidemic, anticarcinogenic and cholagogic properties.
Exploring the Plant Kingdom for Sources of Skincare Cosmeceuticals
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Wild Plants, 2020
Mayuri Napagoda, Sanjeeva Witharana
The flowers of Tagetes erecta are traditionally used to treat skin diseases, such as sores, burns, wounds, ulcers, eczema, and several other skin ailments. Hyaluronidase, elastase, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1) inhibitory activity of this flower extract was investigated to determine its anti-wrinkle potential. The methanol extract showed significant hyaluronidase and elastase inhibition with IC50 of 11.70 g/mL and 4.13 g/mL, respectively, along with a moderate inhibition of MMP-1. Syringic acid and β-amyrin isolated from this extract were also capable of inhibiting the above enzymes, rationalizing the traditional uses of the plant (Maity et al. 2011). Furthermore, procyanidins extracted from Vitis vinifera, curcumin present in Curcuma longa, as well as phenolic compounds, such as epicatechin, resveratrol, galangin, kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin had also exhibited potential elastase inhibition (Maffei Facino et al. 1994, Chainani-Wu 2003, Hrenn et al. 2006, Kanashiro et al. 2007). Aloin (Figure 17.4) in Aloe vera plant inhibited Clostridium histolyticum collagenase reversibly and noncompetitively. Aloe gel and aloin were also proved to be effective inhibitors of stimulated granulocyte matrix metalloproteinases (Barrantes and Guinea 2003)
The vital role of animal, marine, and microbial natural products against COVID-19
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Aljawharah A. Alqathama, Rizwan Ahmad, Ruba B. Alsaedi, Raghad A. Alghamdi, Ekram H. Abkar, Rola H. Alrehaly, Ashraf N. Abdalla
Flavonoids and phenolic acids in honey products are recognized for their potential activity against inflammatory responses and several examples are mentioned here, such as kaempferol, chrysin, quercetin, catechin, syringic acid vanillic acid, luteolin. Syringic acid controls the inflammatory cells as well as inflammatory markers including IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and TNF-α with its ability to suppress reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increase the anti-oxidant markers, to eases airway hyper-reactivity (Li et al. 2019). Vanillic acid suppresses neutrophil recruitment and its mechanism in controlling oxidative stress as well as inhibiting NFκB-related production of pro-inflammatory cytokine such as IL6, COX2, IL-1β and TNF-α. Luteolin disturbs lipopolysaccharide elicited inflammatory response and represses COX2, TNF-α, IL-6 and iNOS and ROS production inhibiting NF-κB and AP-1, MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways (Khalil and Tazeddinova 2020).
Screening inhibitory effects of selected flavonoids on human recombinant aldose reductase enzyme: in vitro and in silico study
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Veysel Comakli, Sevki Adem, Aykut Oztekin, Ramazan Demirdag
In this study, the inhibition effects of certain compounds such as 6-hydroxyflavone, syringic acid, 6-fluoroflavone, diosmetin, 7-hydroxy-4′-nitroisoflavone and myricetin on rAR enzyme were investigated. According to the results obtained from activity-concentration graphs (Figure 2), it was determined that the compounds inhibited the rAR with IC50 values in the range of 0.84 µM to 63 µM (Table 1). According to IC50 values, 6-hydroxy flavone and syringic acid are compounds with the highest inhibitory effect. In this work, while the IC50 value of diosmetin at concentration of 15.75 µM was determined for rAR, this value was approximately 3 µM for syringic acid. Other authors reported that syringic acid decrease the activity of rat kidney (Alim et al.2017), and human eye lens (Chethan et al.2008) AR with the IC50 values of 95 µM and 172 µg/mL, respectively. Lee et. al. (Lee et al.2017) emphasised that diosmetin showed high inhibitory affect on the AR separated from rat lenses with the IC50 values of 2.52 µM. The difference between the results we obtained and the results of the same compounds in previous studies is thought to be related to the type of enzyme (rat kidney AR, human eye AR, and rat lens AR etc.) used.
Syringic acid Attenuates Oxidative Stress in Plasma and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Naghmeh Haddadi, Mehrzad Mirzania, Hadi Ansarihadipour
On the other hand, SA have pro-oxidant effects by increasing the production of intercellular ROS via mitochondrial pathways (31). According to a study by Jinjin pei, SA has enhanced ROS production in human Gastric cancer cell lines (32). Also, In Vitro and In Vivo studies by Ning Yang et al., showed that SA elevated ROS production and induced apoptosis in lung cancer cells (33). Moreover, a study by Mihanfar demonstrated the inhibitory effects of orally administered syringic acid on colorectal tumors in rats. In their study, syringic acid treatment resulted in a significant dose-dependent inhibition of cellular proliferation, induction of apoptosis through increasing cellular ROS and DNA damage levels, as well as downregulating major proliferative genes (34).