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Laboratory Procedures and Management
Published in Jeremy R. Jass, Understanding Pathology, 2020
The early attempts at tissue staining were achieved by trial and error using natural dyes that had been available and in use for centuries, if not millennia, for dying fabrics. Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) applied saffron solution to preparations of muscle fibres. By the end of the nineteenth century, the most popular stain for tissue sections was carmine derived from cochineal (Mayer, 1892). Cochineal is a red dye prepared from the dried female bodies of a scale insect, Dactylopius coccus. It was known to the Aztecs, the ancient Romans and apparently in biblical times since the Divinity exhorted Moses to prepare offerings of rams’ skins dyed red (Exodus 25:5). Orcein, known originally as French purple, dates from the 1300s (AD) when it was prepared from an extract of lichen (a primitive plant that is part fungus and part alga) that was exposed to air in the presence of ammonia formed in fermented urine (Conn, 1948). Orcein is still used for staining various tissue components, but thankfully is now prepared differently. Haematoxylin is derived from the wood of a tree called Haematoxylon campechianum, so named because it originated in the Mexican State of Campeche. Synthetic dyes, for example alcian blue developed by ICI, have also been used to stain cell products.
Hair Coloring
Published in Dale H. Johnson, Hair and Hair Care, 2018
There is an extremely wide variety of human hair colors, varying from the palest Scandinavian blonds to the dark blue-black of the Far East. Even so, individuals appear to have been dissatisfied with their own particular shading throughout recorded history. Early hair colorants were obtained from natural sources, but in modern times organic chemistry has provided a range of synthetic dyes that will produce essentially any color change that a user could desire. However, as with any other cosmetic treatment, there is a constant change in consumer needs and desires, especially for a population whose average age is increasing. The challenge to the hair dye formulators and marketers is, therefore, to produce materials that satisfy current needs while developing novel products to satisfy future trends.
Ethnobotany of Useful Plants in Indo-Gangetic Plain and Central India
Published in T. Pullaiah, K. V. Krishnamurthy, Bir Bahadur, Ethnobotany of India, 2017
Earliest evidence for the use of natural dyes dates back to more than 5000 years, with Madder (Rubia cordifolia) dyed cloth found in the Indus river valley at Mohenjodaro. India is endowed with a wealth of natural flora and fauna, which provide the basic resources for a rainbow of natural dyes. Natural dyes are environment friendly; for example, turmeric, the brightest of naturally occurring yellow dyes is a powerful antiseptic and revitalizes the skin, while indigo yields a cooling sensation. Research has shown that synthetic dyes are suspected to release harmful chemicals that are allergic, carcinogenic and detrimental to human health. Ironically, Germany that discovered azo dyes, became the first country to ban certain azo dyes in 1996 (Singh and Singh, 2002).
Protective role of Vernonia Cinerea against the Carmoisine induced brain injury and anxiogenic effect in mice
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Navaneetha Krishnan Subramaniyan, Karthikeyan Elumalai, Jayaraman Rajangam, Narahari N Palei, Divya Talari, Anna Balaji, Vijayaraj Surendran
Azo dyes have been used extensively in the cosmetics, leather, food, textile, paper, and pharmaceuticals. Carmoisine is one of the most important food additives among the all-azo dyes, and it is widely used in a variety of food beverages [1,2]. To increase the aesthetic content of food preparations, a number of artificial food colors are often incorporated. Some of the permitted organic synthetic dyes in synthetic food additives include sunset yellow, orange GGN, carmoisine, dazzling blue, tartrazine, erythrosine, ponceau 4 R, scarlet GN, allure red and quick red E. Because of their coloring properties, stability, low cost, and uniformity, artificial dyes are generally used. Long-term use of this synthetic food dyes often induces anemia, indigestion, and anomalies in offspring, allergic reactions such as asthma and urticaria, tumors and cancer paralysis, inflammatory lesions in the kidney, brain, spleen, and liver, and eye disorders in the majority of individuals, resulting in blindness, growth retardation, and mental retardation [3,4]. Between the biochemical pathways that are likely to be damaged by the oxidant effect, including cellular damage induced by the ingestion of these food dyes [5].
Arabian Primrose leaf extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles: their industrial and biomedical applications
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2020
Shruti Nindawat, Veena Agrawal
Synthetic dyes are used extensively in various industries like textile, ceramics, food, glass, paints, cosmetics, polymers, pulp and paper etc. Discharge of dye residues and toxic effluents are a major source of environmental contamination as they impart colour to the water, affecting photosynthesis in plants due to reduced light penetration. Also, they deplete oxygen in the surface waters and streams affecting the aquatic flora and fauna [4]. These dyes in wastewaters are difficult to treat, because they have complex aromatic structure (e.g. anthraquinone, azo, etc.) which are resistant to aerobic digestion, and are stable to oxidising agents. The anaerobic degradation product of azo dyes are amines which are toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic in nature. A range of conventional treatment technologies for dye removal have been investigated extensively but are not cost-effective and eco-friendly. So, an attempt is made here for rapid degradation of these dyes using AgNPs as nanocatalysts which can be employed in the treatment of effluents.
Microwave-assisted spent black tea leaves as cost-effective and powerful green adsorbent for the efficient removal of Eriochrome black T from aqueous solutions
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
Ayub Khan, Xiangke Wang, Kashif Gul, Fazli Khuda, Zaynab Aly, A.M. Elseman
Environmental pollution is one of the major problems that the modern society faces today. Textile dyeing comprises a major part of the industries and contaminates large volume of water with dyes during different steps of dyeing and finishing processes. The other industries which use dyes in various processes include pulp mills, cosmetics, paper, printing, food and leather industries [1]. It is reported that various industries worldwide produce 7.0 × 105 tonnes of 10,000 different types of dyes on annual basis. About 1–15% of these dyes are lost as effluents during the dyeing process [2]. Dyes are synthetic colouring substances of the organic origin and are responsible both for surface and groundwater pollution [3], which can cause carcinogenic and mutagenic effects [4]. Some of the synthetic dyes are resistant to natural biodegradation and can be very dangerous for the aquatic life. They can restrict the photosynthetic activities in aquatic plants by blocking sunlight. This condition may reduce the re-oxygenation of water, which affects the normal growth of aquatic animals [5].