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Cadmium: Uses, Occurrence, and Intake
Published in Lars Friberg, Tord Kjellström, Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Gunnar F. Nordberg, Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, 2019
Cadmium from phosphate fertilizers applied to soils is available to plants in a way similar to that of cadmium from sewage sludge. Williams and David268 showed that cadmium in superphosphate was as available to plants as cadmium chloride. In a later study, the same authors269 revealed a close relationship between accumulated amount of superphosphate added to soil, and the cadmium concentration in wheat. In agreement with this study, Andersson and Hahlin8 found a similar increase in the cadmium content of barley grown on experimental fields to which varying amounts of phosphate fertilizer were applied. The average increase in barley fertilized with an annual amount of 25 kg phosphorus (P) per hectare was found to be 0.6 and 1.1% in grain and in straw, respectively, which is close to the increase in soil. Further, the average annual increase of cadmium in wheat harvested from the same fields in central Sweden from 1916 to 1972122 was about 1%/year (Figure 1).
Other Toxic Effects
Published in Lars Friberg, Tord Kjellström, Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Gunnar F. Nordberg, Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, 2019
Chest examination and blood pressure measurements have also been reported in other studies36,37,114,132 None of the resulting reports contained findings of cardiac disease or hypertension due to cadmium exposure. Hammer et al.109 found no relationship between exposure to cadmium and blood pressure in superphosphate workers.
Problems on Deficiency and Excess of Minerals In Animal Nutrition
Published in Jul Låg, Geomedicine, 2017
Phosphorus deficiency can be prevented by providing rock phosphates or bone meal, though the implementation of such prophylacitc measures on natural grazing land (range conditions) can pose difficulties. The addition of phosphate to drinking water is a method which has also been employed. The top-dressing of pasture with superphosphate is an adequate method of correcting a phosphorus deficiency and also has the advantage of increasing the bulk and quality of the pasture.
Insights in nodule-inhabiting plant growth promoting bacteria and their ability to stimulate Vicia faba growth
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Amr M. Mowafy, Mona S. Agha, Samia A. Haroun, Mohamed A. Abbas, Mohamed Elbalkini
A bioassay-based determination of the plant growth promotion ability of the isolates was conducted using Vicia faba seedlings cultivated in a mixture of clay and sand soil (2:1). The used clay soil was with a previous history for Vicia faba cultivation. The study was conducted in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, in normal field conditions of humidity, temperature, light, and day/night patterns. The Vicia faba seeds Giza3 were sterilized in 70% ethanol for 2 minutes followed by 0.2% HgCl2 for 5 minutes and finally washed by sterile distilled water. The pots used in this study were filled with 4 Kg soil and ten seeds were added and left per pot. Before cultivation, the soil was supplied with superphosphate fertilizer (1 g/ pot) and urea (1 g/pot) was considered as a control group, and other seven groups were subjected to bacterial treatments one of them with a single type (P7) and the others with different combinations as follows; P7 + P3, P7 + P4, P7 + P5, P7 + P8, P7 + P4 + P5, and P7 + P3 + P4 + P5 + P8. For all these treatments, the seeds were primed by presoaking with bacterial mentioned treatments for one hour before sowing.
Estimation of total arsenic contamination and exposure in Brazilian rice and infant cereals
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Nuryan Fão, Sabrina Nascimento, Alex Huaman de La Cruz, Dionisio Calderon, Rafael Rocha, Tatiana Saint’Pierre, Adriana Gioda, Flavia V. Thiesen, Natália Brucker, Tatiana Emanuelli, Solange Cristina Garcia
Furthermore, we quantified tAs levels in the main pesticides used by Brazilian farmers, according to a previous investigation by our research group (Nascimento et al. 2017). The results showed the tAs levels ranged from 0.005 to 0.315 mg L−1. In a recent similar investigation, Defarge et al. (2018) quantified tAs in 22 pesticides and found levels above 0.1 mg L−1 in 19 samples (86%), while we found tAs levels above 0.1 mg L−1 in 6 of the 11 pesticides analyzed. According to Defarge and colleagues, heavy metals in pesticides can originate from the contamination of formulations due to their manufacturing process, such as by petroleum or industrial waste. In addition, heavy metals can be intentionally added as nanoparticles in pesticides (Defarge et al. 2018). In a recent study, 273 samples of pesticides were analyzed in Sri Lanka, and most of the agrochemicals were contaminated with As. These findings suggest that agrochemicals, especially phosphate fertilizers, are an important source of iAs. Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), a fertilizer widely used in rice cultivation, had the highest amount of As (31 mg kg−1), and despite the fact that importing pesticides containing As is illegal in Sri Lanka, all 31 pesticide brands with 21 different active ingredients contained As in their compositions (Jayasumana et al.2015).
Geochemical assessment of groundwater contaminants and associated health risks in the Shivalik region of Punjab, India
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Sunil Mittal, Ravishankar Kumar, Prafulla Kumar Sahoo, Sunil Kumar Sahoo
The PC2 (13% of the total variance) showed high positive loading for U and Cl−. The molar ratio of Na/Cl was >1.5 for the majority of the samples. It suggests that Cl− is mostly from the weathering of silicate rocks like micas, amphiboles and feldspar bearing rocks (Ghrefat et al.2013). But their weak correlation with U (r = 0.28) indicates their partial existence in their salts (Singh et al.2003). Further, weak to moderate correlation of U with TDS (r = 0.40) and bicarbonate alkalinity (r = 0.49) indicate their role in U mobility from soil/sediments (Jurgens et al.2010, Kumar et al.2020a). However, the major sources of U in groundwater are geogenic, but, it may have been influenced due to the excessive use of phosphate fertilizers in this area. Recently, Kaur et al. (2019) have reported U content in phosphate fertilizers used (Single superphosphate; up to 1.3 mg kg−1) in Malwa region of Punjab. The wide variation of Se was observed in the study area (Figure 2); it might have resulted from inconsistencies in the distribution and weathering of Se containing sediments. Dhillon and Dhillon (2014) have estimated Se concentration from collected rock samples of lower and upper Shivalik sub-Himalayan ranges in the range of 1864–2754 μg kg−1 and 11 to 847 μg kg−1, respectively. Dhillon and Dhillon (2014) reported Se concentration in surface soil ranging from 0.023 to 4.91 mg kg−1. The alkaline nature of the soil in the region also promotes Se mobility from dominant Se-species such as selenate (Eiche et al. 2015). The existence of Se in groundwater is assumed to be natural in this district, and till date, no anthropogenic activities have been reported to release Se (Bajaj et al.2011). The Se and U are located in the same cluster, indicating their geogenic origin.