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Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Pascalis Vergidis, Matthew E. Falagas
Sulbactam is administered in combination with ampicillin at a dose of 1 g ampicillin/0.5 g sulbactam or 2 g ampicillin/1 g sulbactam i.v. every 6 hours (see Chapter 15, Ampicillin–sulbactam). Data from comparative studies justify the use of the combination of drugs in a 2:1 ratio (Foulds, 1986). For resistant organisms, such as Acinetobacter spp., higher dosages may be considered, including up to 24 g ampicillin/12 g sulbactam daily (Betrosian et al., 2007). Sultamicillin is an oral compound agent marketed in Asia consisting of ampicillin esterified to sulbactam (Friedel et al., 1989). The drug has been evaluated in the treatment of infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract (Ferreira et al., 2006; Tageldin and Said, 1992), urinary tract (Schutz, 1996), skin and soft tissue (Goldfarb et al., 1987), as well as obstetric and gynecological infections (Samaha and Said, 1992). For moderate to severe infections, sultamicillin has been used successfully on an outpatient basis following intravenous use of ampicillin/sulbactam (Chang et al., 1989). Cefoperazone, a third-generation cephalosporin, can also be combined with sulbactam (Bodey et al., 1989). In clinical trials, the two drugs were combined both in a 1:1 ratio (Horiuchi et al., 1989) and in a 2:1 ratio (Bodey et al., 1993; see Chapter 25, Cefoperazone and cefoperazone–sulbactam). The combination of cefoperazone and sulbactam has been given to adults in doses ranging from 2 g cefoperazone plus 1 g sulbactam every 12 hours (Schwartz et al., 1988) to 3 g cefoperazone plus 1.5 g sulbactam every 12 hours (Reitberg et al., 1988).
The 5-HT7 receptor antagonist SB-269970 alleviates seizure activity and downregulates hippocampal c-Fos expression in pentylenetetrazole-induced kindled rats
Published in Neurological Research, 2022
Bilal Sahin, Ercan Ozdemir, Erkan Gumus, Mustafa Ergul, Ahmet Sevki Taskiran
The animals were injected with ketamine (90 mg/kg, i.p.) and xylazine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) to provide anesthesia before the administration. The depth of anesthesia was controlled with corneal and paw reflexes. After the hairs on the scalp were shaved, the rat was placed on the stereotaxy device for surgical procedures so that the bregma and lambda points were in the same plane. Approximately 3 cm incision was made in the scalp of the animal with a lancet. The bone tissue was reached by removing the tendons and fascia under the scalp. Bleeding in the soft tissue was prevented by packing with gauze. The locations of the screws where the electrode will be placed were calculated using the rat brain atlas of Paxinos and Watson (1998), and the bregma was referenced and determined as the ‘0’ point. Three different small burr holes were made with a drill (diameter 1 mm) at the points determined in the skull of the rat. A stainless steel screw was placed in these holes in contact with the brain membranes for ECoG recording. Tripolar electrodes were placed over the motor cortex. Electrode coordinates were determined as in our previous study [1]. All of the electrodes (0.12 mm diameter, Plastic One, Roanoke, VA, USA) were fixed to the skull with two layers of dental acrylic and linked by insulated wires to a connector for the ECoG recordings. After this procedure, the animals were injected with 50 mg/kg sultamicillin (i.p.) twice a day for 3 days to prevent infection. Rats were allowed to recover for one week before the initiation of the experimental studies.