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DRCOG MCQs for Circuit B Questions
Published in Una F. Coales, DRCOG: Practice MCQs and OSCEs: How to Pass First Time three Complete MCQ Practice Exams (180 MCQs) Three Complete OSCE Practice Papers (60 Questions) Detailed Answers and Tips, 2020
Use of the contraceptive diaphragm requires:Refitting if the woman loses or gains 3 kg in weight.Refitting after a miscarriage.Retention for 6 hours after sexual intercourse.Addition of spermicide for increased efficacy.Removal within 30 hours of continued use.
Termination and Contraceptive Options for the Cardiac Patient
Published in Afshan B. Hameed, Diana S. Wolfe, Cardio-Obstetrics, 2020
The diaphragm, contraceptive sponge, and cervical cap function by maintaining a reservoir of spermicide against the cervix. Spermicide creates a chemical barrier by immobilizing sperm. All have high failure rates, making them less optimal choices for women with cardiac conditions for whom pregnancy carries high risk [17].
Adolescent contraception
Published in Joseph S. Sanfilippo, Eduardo Lara-Torre, Veronica Gomez-Lobo, Sanfilippo's Textbook of Pediatric and Adolescent GynecologySecond Edition, 2019
Hanna Goldberg, Jasmine Multani, Sari Kives
Vaginal spermicides consist of a spermicidal agent (most commonly nonoxynol-9) with a carrier method such as a cream, foam, tablet, jelly, or film and can be purchased without a prescription. Patients should be advised to allow the film or tablet to dissolve before intercourse and should also be reminded to use a fresh dose of spermicide before each act of intercourse. Vaginal spermicides are not as effective as other forms of contraception, with a failure rate of 28% with typical use and 18% with perfect use.53 They can be used alone; however, they are more often used in conjunction with other male and female barrier methods. Currently, there is no evidence to support the use of spermicides against STIs.191 Vaginal spermicides used alone do not decrease rates of HIV transmission. In fact, nonoxynol-9 has also been associated with increased rates of HIV transmission in Kenyan sex trade workers as a result of increased irritation and abrasions to the vagina.178 Vaginal odor, irritation, yeast infections, UTIs, and allergic reactions are the primary side effects. In addition, the spermicide may leak out of the vagina after intercourse.8,16,178
Utilization of propranolol hydrochloride mucoadhesive invasomes as a locally acting contraceptive: in-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo evaluation
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Mahmoud H. Teaima, Moaz A. Eltabeeb, Mohamed A. El-Nabarawi, Menna M. Abdellatif
Contraception is considered an important part of unremitting efforts to decrease pregnancy. Several effective contraceptive approaches are available, such as oral contraceptives, abstinence, barrier techniques, injections, and implants Various research outcomes have displayed a diversity of oral contraceptives with moderate measures of hormones subsequently decreasing their undesirable effects (Greydanus et al., 2001). Spermicides are regarded as non-hormonal locally acting contraceptives. When they are present in vaginal tissues throughout intercourse, they immobilize or kill sperm without causing any systemic actions (Iyer & Poddar, 2008). The merits of spermicides include ease of administration, safety, and acceptability. Furthermore, they are suitable for short time utilization or as adjuvants with other methods. There are four classes of spermicidal agents: surface-active agents, enzyme inhibitors, membrane stabilizing agents, and sulfhydryl binding agents (Jalalvandi et al., 2021).
Lactic acid, citric acid, and potassium bitartrate non-hormonal prescription vaginal pH modulator (VPM) gel for the prevention of pregnancy
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
The bio-adhesive properties of VPM are essential to its function, allowing it to persist in the vagina for up to 12 hours, immobilizing sperm for up to 8 hours [38]. One dose of VPM can be administered up to 1 hour prior to having penile-vaginal intercourse. Similar to other vaginally administered contraceptives, it is not effective after intercourse has occurred and redosing is necessary with every occurrence of penile-vaginal intercourse. If more than one act of penile-vaginal intercourse occurs within 1 hour, another dose is required. VPM has been designed to stay in the vagina during intercourse and it will gradually leave the body after intercourse in a mixture of vaginal fluid and semen [39]. The FDA has classed this product as a vaginal pH modulator rather than a spermicide, as it immobilizes rather than kills sperm.
An overview of properties of Amphora (Acidform) contraceptive vaginal gel
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2018
Less than 1% of contracepting women in the United States rely on spermicides alone. Internationally, estimates from WHO in 2002 were that spermicides are used in Asia by less than 1% of couples, but nearly 17% of women in some Latin American countries rely on them [9]. In addition to the women who use spermicides as their only method of birth control, others utilize spermicides in conjunction with other contraceptive barriers (diaphragms and cervical caps) or in addition to external (male) condoms and other methods for additional pregnancy protection or for lubrication [9].