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Superparamagnetic Contrast Agents
Published in Michel M. J. Modo, Jeff W. M. Bulte, Molecular and Cellular MR Imaging, 2007
Claire Corot, Marc Port, Irène Guilbert, Philippe Robert, Jean-Sebastien Raynaud, Caroline Robic, Jean-Sebastien Raynaud, Philippe Prigent, Anne Dencausse, Idée Jean-Marc
After synthesis of the magnetic nanoparticle, coating is required to prevent destabilization and agglomeration of the colloidal suspension and to make the nanoparticles soluble in aqueous or biological media. The coating may also provide a certain chemical functional to conjugate targeted ligands. A very high density of coating is often needed to effectively stabilize iron oxide nanoparticles, and polymeric or monomeric coatings have been used. Coating chemistry can be assisted by sonochemistry.22
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoparticles as Potential Viral and Antiviral Agents
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Deepthi Panoth, Sindhu Thalappan Manikkoth, Fabeena Jahan, Kunnambeth Madam Thulasi, Anjali Paravannoor, Baiju Kizhakkekilikoodayil Vijayan
The main physical methods for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles comprise techniques such as ultraviolet/microwave irradiation, sonochemistry, thermal/photochemical decomposition, radical induction, laser ablation, and so on (Dhand et al. 2015; Khandel et al. 2018). These physical methods mainly utilize the top-down approach of nanoparticle synthesis, which involves the breaking down of bulk materials into nanosized structures by using mechanical techniques of size reduction. During the physical process of synthesis, metal atoms evaporate and condensate on various support as smaller aggregates of metallic nanoparticles. These physical methods yield monodisperse nanoparticles of the desired size and shape with no solvent contamination. The need for highly sophisticated instruments and expensive chemicals, high operating cost, abundant waste generation, etc. make the physical methods of nanoparticle synthesis economically unfavourable (Dhand et al. 2015). There are limited reports on the physical methods of metal nanoparticle synthesis. Mazyar et al. reported a novel sonochemical method for the synthesis of silver nanorods conjugated with sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulphonate (Ag-MES), which exhibited antiviral activities against HIV and HSV viruses (Etemadzade et al. 2016). Pfaff et al. (2019) demonstrated the synthesis of tungsten carbide nanoparticles through the plasma atomization method, which showed virucidal activity against enveloped and nonenveloped model viruses. Very recently, Balagna et al. (2020) elucidated the antiviral effect of a silver nanocluster/silica composite coating deposited by a radio frequency co-sputtering process against Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Figure 2.2).
Advances in plasmonic-based MOF composites, their bio-applications, and perspectives in this field
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Sorraya N. K. Lelouche, Catalina Biglione, Patricia Horcajada
Regarding biosensing, plasmonic composites appear to have particularly high sensitivity for different analytes with very low LOD. This can be a very powerful tool in diagnostics because detection only requires small amounts of the analyte and biosensor. Particularly promising sensors and DDs are the hollow structures. Indeed, this approach could allow in future the encapsulation of relevant large molecules (otherwise excluded by size) inside the mold. The challenge here is mainly associated with finding a mold degradation process compatible with the guest. These hollow structures could then be used as stimuli responsive formulations. Although currently their synthesis is complex and difficult, in the following years, it is expected to better control the synthetic parameters for reaching tunable hollow structures (e.g. size, thickness, shape, and nature), to use highly porous and robust MOFs, and to make easier the selective mold degradation, among others. Using non-traditional methods could be here a prospective tool (e.g. microwaves, sonochemistry, and photo/electrochemistry).
PRPH2-Associated Macular Dystrophy in 4 Family Members with a Novel Mutation
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2022
Hanna Choi, Alan Cloutier, David Lally
This retrospective report adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, and all participants signed an informed consent form to obtain imaging and a DNA sample of either blood or saliva. 285 genes were analyzed using the My Retina Tracker Panel (Blueprint Genetics, Seattle, WA) including ABCA4 and ROM1. Laboratory methods have been reported elsewhere (10), but briefly, DNA quality and quantity were assessed using electrophoretic methods. Qualified genomic DNA samples were then randomly fragmented using non-contact, isothermal sonochemistry processing. Sequencing libraries were prepared by ligating sequencing adapters to both ends of DNA fragments, size-selected with a bead-based method, and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Variant classifications followed the Blueprint Genetics Variant Classification Schemes modified from the ACMG 2015 guideline (10,11). Likely benign and benign variants were not reported by Blueprint Genetics. In silico predictions were performed by Blueprint Genetics, and population frequencies were obtained from gnomAD, a large reference population database (n > 120,000 exomes and >15,000 genomes) which aims to exclude individuals with severe pediatric disease.
Metal Nanoparticles in Infection and Immunity
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2020
As with other nanoparticles, formulating a metal as a tiny particle greatly increases the surface area to volume ratio, and this can drastically change the biological effects of the metal, just as can be seen with nonmetal nanoparticles. Metal nanoparticles have come to attention of biomedical researchers because the technology for creating metal nanoparticles has developed over many years for use in other fields, such as electronics and industrial manufacturing. Metal nanoparticles can be generated by use of chemical reducing agents from the soluble metal salts, such as silver nitrate, for example. Nanoparticles can also be created by “sputtering,” electrospray, and aerosol techniques (Singh et al. 2013), and by incorporating ultrasound (sonochemistry). Coprecipitation and use of microemulsions are other methods used to create metal oxide nanoparticles.