China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Ocular Irritation Testing
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
George P. Daston, F. E. Freeberg
Intraocular pressure tends to increase in a dose-related manner after the eye is exposed to an irritant.45 Walton and Heywood46 measured intraocular pressure in rabbit eyes using an applanation tonometer, a devise which determines the force required to flatten the eye to a known extent. Treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate caused a rapid increase (a 70% increase in 30 min), then a rapid decline over the next 24 h, in intraocular pressure. Grossly observable irritation persisted after intraocular pressure had returned to normal.
Eicosanoids and the Uterine Cervix
Published in Murray D. Mitchell, Eicosanoids in Reproduction, 2020
The effect of PGE2 analog (sulprostone) on biochemical processes in the cervix in the first trimester has also been investigated in specimens 8 h after sulprostone administration.12 Cervical dilation and softening had occurred, but there was little change in collagenolytic activity or collagen concentration. A similar study of patients having sulprostone treatment in early pregnancy, compared with another group of patients having non-PG termination of pregnancy, also showed no difference in collagen degradation products present using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, a multifocal loosening of collagen fibers occurred, suggesting that the action of sulprostone may be on the ground substance rather than on the collagen molecules.22
Erythrocyte Deformability
Published in Gordon D. O. Lowe, Clinical Blood Rheology, 2019
Straight channel metal membranes (MyNiPore, Myrenne GmbH, Roetgen, West Germany) have only recently become commercially available, so that published evaluations of reusable metal membranes have been restricted to the sintered silver Selas membrane (Osmonics Inc., Minnetonka, Minn.) with tortuous pore channels (Figure 2).62,104 With ultrasonication in sodium dodecyl sulfate solution for 10 sec,24 they can be used 50 times or more, but care has to be taken towards the end of their life span to detect early disintegration of the internal structure. A quality assurance program using dextran 70 has been successfully used for this purpose.62 A clinical study using both straight channel polycarbonate 5 µm pore diameter membranes and a Selas nominal 5 µm pore diameter membrane has shown comparable results.7 Other filter materials such as paper or cellulose nitrate have long, wide (20 to 40 µm diameter), tortuous and branched channels107 which cannot be well-defined geometrically and they have become less popular for clinical studies.
Structure–activity relationship of a peptide permeation enhancer
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
In order to increase oral bioavailability of drugs, different types of permeation enhancers (PEs) have been developed16 that act through different mechanisms of TJ modulation, but also of other types of intercellular connections such as adherens junctions (AJs). Modulation of these junctions in a selective manner would allow to transiently increase transepithelial permeability. Several PEs have been introduced into the market, such as SNAC and C10.17 Some of these PEs have a well-described mechanism of action, such as bilobalide, which interacts with the adenosine A1 receptor,18 or latrunculin A, which interferes with the cytoskeleton structure.19 An issue to be addressed is the potential toxicity of these PEs, as has been described, for example, for sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS).20 PEs addressing the regulation of TJ proteins such as occludin and ZO-121,22 may directly lead to an increase in epithelial permeability through a well-defined mechanism. Accordingly, PKCs, which regulate the balance of certain TJ proteins are prime targets for such a PE.
MicroRNA-124-3p promotes apoptosis and autophagy of glioma cells by down-regulating CREBRF
Published in Neurological Research, 2022
Huan Zeng, Mengyi Huang, Xin Gong
The pretreated T98 and U251 cells were washed thrice with precooled phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), followed by cell lysis with Radio-Immunoprecipitation assay solution and 30 min of standing on ice. After 10 min of centrifugation at 12,000 rpm and 4°C, the supernatant was aspirated to 0.5 mL centrifuge tubes for storage at −20°C or protein quantification using a bicinchoninic acid kit (Sigma-Aldrich). The proteins were denatured in 6 × sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) loading buffer at 100°C and underwent SDS electrophoresis for separation. Then, proteins were transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes for 1.5 h with a 4°C-precooled transfer buffer. The membranes were sealed using 5% non-fat dry milk-Tris-buffered saline with Tween 20 (TBST) for 1 h prior to overnight incubation with TBST-prepared primary antibodies (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) against rabbit-derived GAPDH (1:10,000, ab181602), CREBRF (1:2000, ab137334), B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 (1:1000, ab32124), Bcl-2-Associated X (Bax, 1:2000, ab32503), cleaved caspase-3 (c-cas-3, 1:500, ab32042), pro caspase-3 (p-cas-3, 1:1000, ab32150), p62 (1:2000, ab91526), Beclin1 (1:1000, ab210498), and light chain (LC)-3B (1:500, ab48394) at 4°C. The membranes were washed with TBST for 3 × 10 min before 2 h of incubation with the secondary antibody against goat anti-rabbit Immunoglobulin G (IgG) or goat anti-mouse IgG (1:5000, ComWin, Beijing, China). After TBST washing, the membranes were subjected to color development, and the protein level was examined.
Biopharmaceutics considerations for direct oral anticoagulants
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Rafael Pereira de Andrade, Tamires Guedes Caldeira, Bárbara Vasconcelos Vasques, André Luís Morais Ruela, Jacqueline de Souza
Additionally, potential allergic reactions from excipients were considered in this critical analysis. For the four drugs, few differences were observed among these medicines. However, the composition of the four reference medicines in Brazil and US are essentially the same. Some caution is required for sodium dodecyl sulfate and lactose, employed in formulations as surfactant and diluent, respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulfate has been used in rivaroxaban and apixaban medicines, and its contact with mucus membranes can cause acute irritation in the stomach. Lactose has been used in all medicines with DOACs, except edoxaban, and lactose-intolerant people may have symptoms of lactose intolerance. However, these components are usually included in these formulations in very low concentrations, reducing the risks [114,115].