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Uro-Angiographic Contrast Agents—The Holy Grail
Published in Christoph de Haën, X-Ray Contrast Agent Technology, 2019
When considering prices, let us start with a comparison of the costs of doses for a minor application of UROSELECTAN, namely retrograde pyelography. That is the clinical indication for which various other contrast agents already existed. A dose of the new contrast agent for retrograde pyelography cost only about half that of UMBRENAL, about the double that of THOROTRAST but 10–20 times more than sodium bromide produced by pharmacies on prescription. No wonder sodium bromide took many years to be replaced in this application.
Synthesis, Enzyme Localization, and Regulation of Neurosteroids
Published in Sheryl S. Smith, Neurosteroid Effects in the Central Nervous System, 2003
Meierkord, H., Grunig, F., Gutschmidt, U., Gutierrez, R., Pfeiffer, M., Draguhn, A., Bruckner, C., and Heinemann, U., (2000), Sodium bromide: effects on different patterns of epileptiform activity, extracellular pH changes and GABAergic inhibition, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 361, 25–32. Mhatre, M., Mehta, A.K., and Ticku, M.K., (1988), Chronic ethanol administration increases the binding of the benzodiazepine inverse agonist and alcohol antagonist [3H]RO15-4513 in rat brain, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 153, 141–145. Mhatre, M. and Ticku, M.K., (1989), Chronic ethanol treatment selectively increases the binding of inverse agonists for benzodiazepine binding sites in cultured spinal cord neurons, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 251, 164–168. Michalakis, M., Holsinger, D., Ikeda-Douglas, C., Cammisuli, S., Ferbinteanu, J., DeSouza, C., DeSouza, S., Fecteau, J., Racine, R.J., and Milgram, N.W., (1998), Development of spontaneous seizures over extended electrical kindling. I. Electrographic, behavioral, and transfer kindling correlates, Brain Res., 793, 197–211. Mihalek, R.M., Banerjee, P.K., Korpi, E.R., Quinlan, J.J., Firestone, L.L., Mi, Z.P., Lagenaur, C., Tretter, V., Sieghart, W., Anagnostaras, S.G., Sage, J.R., Fanselow, M.S., Guidotti,
Micronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Hyperchloremia in critically ill patients is mainly due to loss of bicarbonate through the gastrointestinal or renal tract, or as a consequence of ‘dilution’ due to volume loading with fluids with a low bicarbonate concentration (15). Hyperchloremia is also caused by excess infusion of Cl−-rich fluids or by drug intake such as corticosterone, aldosterone, or by consumption of processed foods high in salt like sauce, bacon, ham, sausage, and so on. High intake of dietary salt is often the cause of hypertension (15–16). Essential hypertension is the result of a complex interaction between different regulatory systems which are themselves influenced by a multitude of genetic and environmental factors. Among the environmental factors that affect blood pressure, there is general consensus that increased salt intake increases blood pressure (16). In addition, there is accruing evidence that chloride anion (Cl−) may have a role in blood pressure regulation which may perhaps be even more important than that of sodium cation (Na+). Though more than 85% of Na+ is consumed as sodium chloride, there is evidence that Na+ and Cl− concentrations do not go necessarily hand in hand since they may originate from different sources (16). Salt sensitivity is more prevalent in hypertensive individuals (30–50%) compared to normotensives, and the presence of salt sensitivity in normotensives is a risk factor for future development of hypertension (16). Therefore, arterial hypertension is due to the whole molecule NaCl (salt) and not to Na+ or Cl− alone. However, sodium iodide (NaI) and sodium bromide (NaBr) can induce hypertension as sodium chloride (NaCl) because iodine (I), bromine (Br) and chlorine (Cl) are in the same family of halogen elements (16). In human body as well as in plants and animals, chlorine only exists as chloride anion (Cl−) and never as chlorine gas (Cl2). Chlorine (Cl2) gas is used as disinfectant for the tap water or like liquid bleach for the household. It is toxic for human health.
The effective photocatalysis and antibacterial properties of AgBr/Ag2MoO4@ZnO composites under visible light irradiation
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Huihui Xu, Jie Zhang, Xianzi Lv, Tianjie Niu, Yuxiang Zeng, Jizhou Duan, Baorong Hou
The SEM images of the 0.5 Ag2MoO4@ZnO and 0.5 AgBr/Ag2MoO4@ZnO samples are shown in Figure 3. This figure clearly shows that pure ZnO has a sheet structure with a thickness of ∼40 nm, while pure Ag2MoO4 has a spherical structure with a diameter of ∼2 μm. When adding a certain amount of sodium bromide during the preparation process, the diameter of Ag2MoO4 decreased to 80 nm. To some extent, the addition of sodium bromide can improve the specific surface area of the sample and provide more active sites for the degradation of organic pollutant in this catalysis system. In addition, SEM elemental mapping can describe the composition and distribution of the component elements. In Figure 3, different colors present elemental maps of Zn, O, Mo, Br, and Ag, and all five elements are uniformly distributed, which indicates that the composite catalysts were prepared successfully.
New legal requirements for submission of product information to poisons centres in EU member states
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2018
Ronald de Groot, Pieter Brekelmans, Herbert Desel, Irma de Vries
For PCs to make an optimal clinical (toxicological) risk assessment in case of exposure to a product, it is necessary to access detailed product information, especially on the composition. The EAPCCT initially requested a complete formula of the mixture while industry preferred to submit the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) only, thus not meeting these requirements. On the SDS, classified components below a concentration threshold (0.1% or 1%) and non-classified components regardless of concentration do not need to be mentioned [6]. PCs pointed out that non-classified components (e.g., sodium bromide, propylene glycol) may cause adverse health effects (poisoning, allergic reactions or by interaction with food or drugs) and are therefore of concern in individual risk assessments.
Correlative assays of barnacle cyprid behaviour for the laboratory evaluation of antifouling coatings: a study of surface energy components
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Nick Aldred, Caitlyn M. Gatley-Montross, Meredith Lang, Michael R. Detty, Anthony S. Clare
The xerogels were applied on microscope slides and characterized via contact angle analysis as described in Gatley-Montross et al. (2017). Deionized water was prepared to a specific resistivity of at least 18 MΩ-cm using a Barnstead NANOpure Diamond UV ultrapure water system. Diiodomethane was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The artificial seawater (ASW) used for soaking the slides before surface characterization was prepared based on a modification of the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) recipe. The modification involved adding 1.0 mM of sodium bromide and 1.0 µM of sodium iodide to give a more realistic representation of the halide ions present in natural seawater.