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HLA-DR and -DQ Typing by DNA-RFLP Analysis
Published in M. Kam, Jeffrey L. Bidwell, Handbook of HLA TYPING TECHNIQUES, 2020
Conditions are described for use with the Bio-Rad Wide Mini-Sub Cell (gel tray size 15 × 10 cm). Pour a 0.7% gel as follows: add 0.63 g high gelling temperature agarose (Sigma type V) to 90 ml 1x TAE buffer (lx TAE buffer = 40 mM Tris-acetate, 1 mM EDTA27). Boil to dissolve the agarose, using a magnetic stirring hotplate. Cool to 60°C, add 4.5 μl 10 mg/ml ethidium bromide (final conc 0.5 μg/ml), mix, and pour the gel. Allow the gel to set for 1 h at ambient temperature.Electrophorese samples for 1 h at 70 v in lx TAE buffer containing 0.5 μg/ml ethidium bromide. The level of buffer should be 2 to 3 mm above the gel surface.
Bromides
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
Toxic symptoms (primarily sedation) can appear with a wide range of serum bromide levels but usually do not occur below 150 mg/dl and are more likely to appear at levels over 200 mg/dl. There are a number of patients, however, who tolerate levels over 250 mg/dl without difficulty. Although sedation is the primary adverse effect of bromides, skin changes (rash or diffuse acneiform or pustular eruption) and occasional gastrointestinal upset can also limit the usefulness of the drug. These latter symptoms may occur independently of bromide levels. Bromides also potentiate the sedative effects of other agents at otherwise nontoxic doses. All of these problems are reversible, although the skin and gastrointestinal difficulties may preclude the further use of bromides.
The menopause
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
Bromide of potassium was the first agent to be specifically introduced as a sedative (others were chloral hydrate, paraldehyde, urethan, and sulfonal), and replaced laudanum, alcohol and herbal potions. Bromide was prescribed for irritability and insomnia and it remained the leader in the field until the introduction of Barbital (a barbiturate) in 1903. Bromides were still prescribed for menopausal symptoms in the mid-twentieth century.
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of benzoheterocyclic sulfoxide derivatives as quorum sensing inhibitors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Shen Mao, Qiaoqiang Li, Zhikun Yang, Yasheng Li, Xinyi Ye, Hong Wang
To verify the above hypothesis, we referred to 2-mercaptobenzothiazole disulphide with the excellent P. aeruginosa quorum-sensing activity to design the new candidate compounds.23 We retained the core part of the benzothiazole and replaced the disulphide bond with sulfoxide to synthesise a series of benzoheterocyclic sulfoxide derivatives. The synthetic routes of titled compounds were shown in Scheme 1. The key intermediates 3 (the different heterocyclic thioethers) were synthesised from benzyl bromides 1 and heterocyclic thiols 2 in the presence of triethylamine in acetonitrile. Benzyl bromide 1 was added dropwise into the mixture at room temperature.26 Then intermediates 3 were oxidised by meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in dichloromethane to obtain the different types of compounds. We first synthesised 4a-4l (containing benzo thiazole), 5a-5l (containing benzoxazole), the preliminary screening of P. aeruginosa biofilm activity showed that compounds with benzoxazole have good inhibitory effects. Furthermore, we considered chloro-substitution as an important halogen group for QS activity, a series of 6a-6l (containing 5-chlorobenzoxazole) and 7a-7f (containing 6-chlorobenzooxazole) were synthesised. To investigate whether the chloro-substitution on the benzoxazole ring was the key active site, we synthesised the series 8a-8f (containing 5-methylbenzoxazole) and 9a-9f (containing 5-methoxybenzoxazole).
Anastrozole and related glucuronic acid conjugate are electrophilic species
Published in Xenobiotica, 2022
Siyu Ding, Siyu Liu, Yaxuan Chen, Ying Peng, Jiang Zheng
ANA-derived GSH conjugate was synthesised by reaction of 3,5-bis(2-cyanoprop-2-yl)benzyl bromide (0.0153 g, 50 mmol) with GSH (Scheme 3). Briefly, the bromide was dissolved in acetonitrile (1 mL), followed by the mixing with GSH dissolved in water (1 mL) and triethylamine (1 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 25 min. After removing the solvent by rotary evaporation, the residue was submitted to a semi-preparative HPLC system for product purification. The structure of the product was characterised by NMR. 1H NMR (600 MHz, Methanol-d4): δ 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.49 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 2H), 4.62 − 4.58 (m, 1H), 3.89 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (s, 2H), 3.68 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (dd, J = 14.0, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (dd, J = 14.0, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 2.54 (h, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (ddt, J = 30.4, 14.2, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.74 (s, 12H).
Preparation of mesoporous silica microparticles by sol–gel/emulsion route for protein release
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Mariya I. Vlasenkova, Ekaterina S. Dolinina, Elena V. Parfenyuk
BSA (Acros, for biochemistry, protease free, 9048–46-8), tetraethosysilane (TEOS) (ECOS, high purity grade, Russia), sodium silicate solution (water glass, Na2O ∼10.6%, SiO2 ∼26.5%) (Sigma-Aldrich, reagent grade), Tween 80 (TCI Chemicals, CAS 9005–65-6), Span 80 (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 1338–43-8), hexane (Chimmed, analytical grade, Russia), hydrochloric acid (Acros, for analysis, 37%, CAS 7647–01-0) and ammonium carbonate [(NH4)2CO3] (Chimmed, pure, Russia) were used without further purification. Sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4·2H2O) and disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4·12 H2O) (Chimmed, analytical grade, Russia) were used to prepare buffer solution with pH 7.4. Potassium bromide (Acros, 99+%, IR grade, CAS 7758–02-3) was dried at 250 °C before use.