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Surgical Facilities, Peri-Operative Care, Anesthesia, and Surgical Techniques
Published in Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman, Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
Alison C. Smith, M. Michael Swindle
All inhalational anesthetics are best utilized with equipment designed for their delivery, including a vaporizer in a closed or semi-closed system. In rodents they are sometimes delivered as open agents on cotton balls, but this use should be limited to fume hoods or the equivalent. Equipment and hoses should be checked for leaks and soda lime cannisters for absorption of carbon dioxide should be routinely cleaned and changed.
Techniques: General
Published in Brian J Pollard, Gareth Kitchen, Handbook of Clinical Anaesthesia, 2017
Baha Al-Shaikh, Sanjay Agrawal, Sindy Lee, Daniel Lake, Nessa Dooley, simon Stacey, Maureen Bezzina, Gregory Waight
Soda lime consists of 94% calcium hydroxide, 2%–5% sodium hydroxide, 0.2% silica (to prevent disintegration of the granules), an indicator dye and a zeolite which is added to maintain a higher pH for a longer time. Older variants also contained 1% potassium hydroxide, which acted as a catalyst for the reaction.
Paper 2 Answers
Published in James Day, Amy Thomson, Tamsin McAllister, Nawal Bahal, Get Through, 2014
James Day, Amy Thomson, Tamsin McAllister, Nawal Bahal
Soda lime is used to prevent rebreathing of carbon dioxide in a circle breathing system, where low fresh gas flow rates are used. A combination of exothermic chemical reactions results in the absorption of CO2 by soda lime, which is a granulated, hydrated lime. Soda lime consists of: Ca(OH)2 (80%)NaOH (4%)H2O (16%)Silicates (<1%, to bind granules)
Global optimization of the Michaelis–Menten parameters using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and chloroform vapor uptake data in F344 rats
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2020
Marina V. Evans, Christopher R. Eklund, David N. Williams, Yusupha M. Sey, Jane Ellen Simmons
The closed exposure system used in the experiments was described in detail previously (Evans et al. 1994; McGee et al. 1995). In brief, a rat was placed in a recirculating glass jar and allowed to acclimate for 1 h before chemical injection. Environmental conditions were monitored and adjusted continuously. Temperature and relative humidity were held between 23 and 26 °C and 40–70%, respectively. Oxygen was added as needed to maintain an atmospheric level between 19 and 21%, and carbon dioxide was removed with SodaSorb (Soda Lime, W.R. Grace Co., Lexington, MA). Chloroform with purity specified at 99.9% by the manufacturer was used for all exposures (CAS# 67-66-3, Fisher Chemical Co., Pittsburgh, PA). The initial concentrations were approximately 100, 500, 1000, or 3000 ppm chloroform. Rats were exposed individually at each initial concentration (n = 3/concentration), giving a total of twelve experiments. Chamber concentration was sampled automatically starting 5 min after the chemical injection and then every 10 min afterward and analyzed by gas chromatography. Chloroform concentration measurements between the three rats were averaged at each time point. A Hewlett-Packard gas chromatograph (Model 5890, Kennett Square, PA) equipped with a hydrogen flame ionization detector and a packed column (6 ft, 1/8-in OD) filled with 0.1% SP-1000, Carbopack 80/100 (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA) was used. The temperatures of oven, injector, and detector were set at 130, 225, and 250 °C, respectively, with helium as the carrier gas (21 mL/min). The average retention time was 1.3 min for chloroform. Nonspecific system loss rate from the chamber was measured before each animal exposure. This loss rate was determined using an empty chamber (no animal) and the same experimental concentration range (100–3000ppm). Further details are included in (Gargas et al. 1986; Evans et al. 1994). The experimental value was included as an input in the PBPK model, as a first-order rate constant independent of initial concentration, with an average value of 0.0298 (h)−1.