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Psychotropic Use during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Secobarbital is as effective as pentobarbital and is generally administered orally. Among 378 infants born to women who took secobarbital during the first trimester, the frequency of congenital anomalies was not increased (Heinonen et al., 1977). One report of an infant with neonatal withdrawal symptoms of hyperirritability and seizures associated with maternal use of large doses of secobarbital throughout gestation has been published (Bleyer and Marshall, 1972).
Alcohol and Sedatives
Published in Frank Lynn Iber, Alcohol and Drug Abuse as Encountered in Office Practice, 2020
A rapid high is desirable. Intravenous use of phentobarbital or secobarbital produces a high of short duration within 2 to 30 min. The sodium salts of the drugs are best absorbed on an empty stomach, but the first-pass effect for all is substantial. The degradation rate varies widely among normal humans as a genetically determined trait. There is a rapid onset of tolerance when high doses are used by any route, but the tolerance is more psychic and metabolic than some of the neurological effects. The chronic user, to obtain a high often becomes ataxic, dysarthric, and retarded in thought and movements. Withdrawal in chronic users occurs when the customary blood level falls to under half and is discussed in Chapter 27.
Consciousness, Sleep and Hypnosis, Meditation, and Psychoactive Drugs
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Tolerance develops rapidly to their anxiolytic effects in regular use but not to the associated respiratory depression. Because of the additive effect of depressants, barbiturates combined with alcohol are particularly dangerous. Common barbiturates include the prescription sedatives secobarbital and pentobarbital. Barbiturates produce both physical and psychological dependence. Withdrawal from low doses of barbiturates produces irritability and REM rebound nightmares. Withdrawal from high doses of barbiturates can produce hallucinations, disorientation, restlessness, and life-threatening convulsions.
The prevalence of alcohol use and risky driving practises among individuals who consume sedatives nonmedically: findings from the NESARC-III
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2022
Blair Aitken, Luke A. Downey, Amie C. Hayley
Sedatives comprise a group of central nervous system (CNS) depressing medications including (but not limited to) benzodiazepines (e.g., Alprazolam, Diazepam, Lorazepam and Temazepam) and barbiturates (e.g., Butobarbital, Secobarbital and Phenobarbital). Less frequently, this encapsulated first-generation substances such as Methaqualone (Quaalude) and Promethazine (Phenergan). Globally, benzodiazepines, are the most frequently prescribed sedatives, routinely used to treat insomnia, anxiety disorders and alcohol withdrawal (7). More than 1 in 20 adults in the US file a prescription for benzodiazepines each year, translating to roughly 13.5 million prescriptions nation-wide, an increase of 67% since 1996 (8). For every 100 US adults that visits a physician over the course of the year, 27 visits will result in a benzodiazepine prescription (9). Similarly, prevalent patterns of use have been observed in other Western countries such as Australia, with close to five million prescriptions dispensed every year (10).
Development and evaluation of rapidly dissolving buccal films of naftopidil: in vitro and in vivo evaluation
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Heba I. Elagamy, Ebtessam A. Essa, Ahmed Nouh, Gamal M. El Maghraby
The study compared the bioavailability of naftopidil after buccal administration of the rapidly dissolving film relative to oral administration of a suspension of the unprocessed drug. The pharmacokinetic parameters of naftopidil were studied using 18 albino rabbits having an average weight of 2 ± 0.1 kg. The study protocol employed parallel design with the rabbits being subdivided into three groups. The animal study was approved by the College of Pharmacy, Tanta University Ethical Committee (approval number 582016). The animals were allowed free access to standard diet and water. On the night of the experiment, the rabbits fasted with free access to water being allowed. The rabbits were anesthetized with secobarbital (40 mg/kg) subcutaneously. The fast dissolving film containing 12.5 mg was inserted onto the buccal cavity of the rabbit. The unprocessed drug was dispersed in water before oral administration of the same dose to another group of rabbits using an oral feeding tube. Blood samples were collected from the marginal ear vein of the rabbit at predetermined time intervals (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h). The blood samples were centrifuged for 10 min at 5000 rpm to get plasma samples. The plasma (0.5 ml) was spiked with 25 µl containing 1 µg carvedilol as an internal standard. The mixture was vortex mixed for 10 min before the addition of 0.75 ml acetonitril for protein precipitation. The mixture was vortex mixed and the precipitated protein was separated by centrifugation for 10 min at 5000 rpm and the supernatant was drawn into clean tubes. The supernatant was evaporated on a water bath. The residue was reconstituted with 100 µl of the mobile phase, vortex mixed, and centrifuged before injecting 20 µl into the HPLC.