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Nutritional and Dietary Supplementation during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Scopolamine is an anticholinergic agent similar to atropine, and like atropine, may be utilized as a preoperative medication. It may also be used as an antiemetic and for motion sickness. The frequency of congenital anomalies was no different from control in the offspring of 309 women who received this medication in early pregnancy (Heinonen et al., 1977). Unpublished data for 27 infants exposed to scopolamine found no birth defects (Briggs et al., 2021).
Pharmacology of Opioids
Published in Pamela E. Macintyre, Stephan A. Schug, Acute Pain Management, 2021
Pamela E. Macintyre, Stephan A. Schug
Scopolamine (hyoscine) has also been used to treat nausea and vomiting (Zabirowicz & Gan, 2019). It is available as a transdermal patch as well as oral and parenteral formulations and is particularly effective for movement-induced nausea and vomiting. It may be associated with significant anticholinergic side effects such as sedation, dry mouth, visual disturbances, and confusion and is not widely used in the management of PONV.
Scopolamine
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Scopolamine (hyoscine) is a tropane alkaloid derived from various plants of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), especially Datura mete) L. and Scopola carniolica, with anticholinergic, antiemetic and antivertigo properties. Structurally similar to acetylcholine, scopolamine antagonizes acetylcholine activity mediated by muscarinic receptors located on structures innervated by postganglionic cholinergic nerves as well as on smooth muscles that respond to acetylcholine but lack cholinergic innervation. This agent induces mydriasis and cycloplegia, controls the secretion of saliva and gastric acid, slows gut motility (antispasmodic), and prevents vomiting. Scopolamine is indicated for the treatment of excessive salivation (sialorrhea), colicky abdominal pain, bradycardia, diverticulitis, irritable bowel syndrome and motion sickness. In ophthalmology it is utilized to induce mydriasis and cycloplegia before diagnostic procedures. Scopolamine given in transdermal therapeutic systems is widely used to prevent motion sickness (1).
Lantana camara leaf extract ameliorates memory deficit and the neuroinflammation associated with scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s-like cognitive impairment in zebrafish and mice
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Veronica Amoah, Paul Atawuchugi, Yakubu Jibira, Augustine Tandoh, Paul Poku Sampene Ossei, George Sam, George Ainooson
Scopolamine is a cholinergic receptor antagonist that interferes with cholinergic transmission to induce performance impairment of learning and memory that mainly affects short-term memory (Sambeth et al. 2007; Klinkenberg and Blokland 2010). It provides a simple and quick way for testing the cognition-enhancing properties of new drugs, supported by the popular cholinergic hypothesis, which relates age-related deterioration in cognitive functions to a decrease in the integrity of cholinergic neurotransmission, as seen in geriatric memory dysfunction (Klinkenberg and Blokland 2010). Indeed, the well-established treatments for AD, rivastigmine, galantamine, and donepezil modulate cholinergic transmission (Anand and Singh 2013; Andrieu et al. 2015; Godyń et al. 2016). One major drawback of scopolamine use is the possibility of scopolamine affecting the locomotor activity of animals (Klinkenberg and Blokland 2010). This warranted the assessment of locomotor activity using the number of arm entries (Pellow et al. 1985; Parada-Turska and Turski 1990) as was carried out in this work using the Y-maze test in mice. As the number of arm entries did not change significantly, it can be safely concluded that the drug treatment and the experimental environment did not affect locomotor activity.
Anticonvulsant effectiveness of scopolamine against soman-induced seizures in African green monkeys
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
John H. McDonough, Joseph D. McMonagle, Benedict R. Capacio
The ED50 dose (0.031 mg/kg) of scopolamine in this NHP model is even lower than that found in the rat (ED50 = 0.10 mg/kg; McDonough and Shih 1993) or guinea pig (ED50 = 0.12 mg/kg; McDonough et al.2000) nerve agent seizure models. The anticonvulsant ED50 dose of 0.031 mg/kg scopolamine found in this study would translate into a human equivalent dose (HED) of 0.013 mg/kg using FDA recommended dose-scaling methods assuming a 5.6 kg African green monkey and a 70 kg human (HED = animal dose in mg/kg X [animal weight in kg/human weight in kg]0.33; Food and Drug Administration, Guidance for Industry, 2005). In fact, applying the same scaling method to the older derived scopolamine ED50s for rats and guinea pigs (assumed weight = 0.35 kg for both) cited above results in remarkably similar HEDs, with rat = 0.017 mg/kg and guinea pig = 0.021 mg/kg. Scopolamine is currently used primarily as a transdermal patch to prevent nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness. These patches are meant to deliver a 1 mg dose over a three day period, which is substantially lower than the doses listed above. Scopolamine also was used to provide aspiration prophylaxis prior to anesthesia and intubation and to provide procedural sedation and tranquilization with doses up to 0.65 mg given either im or iv. This 0.65 mg scopolamine dose translates to a 0.009 mg/kg dose for a 70 kg human, a dose only slightly lower than the HED of 0.013 mg/kg calculated for seizure control above.
Transdermal delivery of bioidentical estrogen in menopausal hormone therapy: a clinical review
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
The advent of transdermal delivery systems for medication administration heralded a new era in modern pharmacotherapy. Although the initial transdermal systems were first approved for use by the FDA in the late 1970’s, references to the use of topical preparations for the treatment of medical conditions can be found in the writing and records of most ancient cultures. In western medicine it was common throughout the 19th and early 20th century to utilize plasters that contained belladonna for analgesia, ground mustard seeds for treating congestion and salicylic acid as a keratolytic [15,16]. In the early 1900’s observations that workers exposed to nitroglycerian developed severe headaches led to further investigations and the development in the 1950’s of topical nitroglycerin ointment for the treatment of angina [17,18]. This ointment was widely used in clinical settings throughout the next 30 years [15]. In 1979, the FDA approved scopolamine for delivery in a patch described as a transdermal therapeutic system for prevention and treatment of motion sickness [19]. This approval opened the door for other medications to be tested in patch systems. In 1981, two years after the first transdermal scopolamine patch was approved, three nitroglycerin transdermal patches were marketed [17].