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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Joel J. Kirschbaum, Adorjan Aszalos
Robenidine hydrochloride is added to poultry feeds to prevent coccidiosis. It can be resolved from impurities and degradation products using a column packed with controlled pore glass (Corning) and a mobile phase of methanol-glacial acetic acid-methylene chloride (90:10:900) flowing at 1 ml/min through a detector set to 280 nm [492]. Recoveries average 101%. A 5-μm silica column could probably be substituted, with minor changes in mobile phase composition.
The management of Babesia, amoeba and other zoonotic diseases provoked by protozoa
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2023
Clemente Capasso, Claudiu T. Supuran
Recently, a wide variety of antimalarial drugs, including artesunate, artemether, dihydroartemisinin, chloroquine, mefloquine, piperaquine, halofantrine, lumefantrine, pyrimethamine, and pyronaridine, have been tested against Babesia microti, showing no significant activity against the parasite [22]. The parasitemia of B. microti-infected animals was instead significantly reduced by treatment with other antimalarials, including primaquine 5, pentaquine 6, and robenidine 7 (Figure 1) [22]. Again other compounds, such as actinonin, atranorin, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, chalcone-4-hydrate, trans-chalcone, cryptolepine, ellagic acid, eflornithine, fusidic acid, gossypol, gedunin, hydroxyurea, luteolin, nimbolide, pepstatin A, xanthohumol, enrofloxacin, enoxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, trovafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, as well as natural extracts of Syzygium aromaticum, Camellia sinensis, Cinnamomum verum, Olea europaea, and Acacia laeta have been investigated for their potential antibabesial effects [16,23–28]. The antimalarial drugs tafenoquine 8, the antileprosy drug clofazimine 9, and the anti-toxoplasma agent endochin (a quinolone) 10 (Figure 1) are perhaps the most promising medications with substantial anti-Babesia activity [29–31]. Among them, the endochin-like quinolones (ELQs) 11 and 12 (Figure 2) resulted as the best candidates to advance for the treatment of human babesiosis based on their potency, selectivity and ability to eradicate infection without any recrudescence when combined with atovaquone. This is probably due to their ability to eliminate infection with no recrudescence due to binding at the Qi site of the protozoan cytochrome bc1 complex, which in turn leads to inhibition of cytochrome c reduction [32,33].