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Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Nitrofurazone is a nitrofuran topical antibacterial agent with bactericidal activity against a number of pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli; it does also have significant activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, and Serratia marcescens. Nitrofurazone is indicated for the topical treatment of bacterial skin infections including pyodermas, infected dermatoses and infections of cuts, wounds, burns and ulcers caused by susceptible organisms. Nitrofurazone was formerly used orally in humans. Veterinary use is mainly in the treatment and prophylaxis of coccidiosis in poultry and necrotic enteritis in pigs, both by administering the drug systemically and adding it to animal feed (1).
Various Applications of Artemisia annua L. (Qinghao)
Published in Tariq Aftab, M. Naeem, M. Masroor, A. Khan, Artemisia annua, 2017
Himanshu Misra, Mauji Ram, Ashish Bharillya, Darshana Mehta, Bhupendra Kumar Mehta, Dharam Chand Jain
Avian coccidiosis is one of the most economically important diseases of the poultry industry, caused by apicomplexan parasites belonging to the genus Eimeria. There are seven species in this genus that affect chickens, with E. tenellabeing one of the most pathogenic (McDouglad and Reid, 1991). Infection with E. tenella is followed by caecal lesions (petechiae, thickening, ecchymoses, accumulation of blood, and caseous necrotic material in the caecum), accompanied with bloody diarrhea (Iacob and Duma, 2009). Intensive poultry production systems depend on chemoprophylaxis with anticoccidial drugs to combat infection. Anticoccidial drugs have been used for over 60 years, and their extensive use has led to the development of drug-resistant Eimeria spp. strains (Chapman, 1997; Harfoush et al., 2010; Jenkins et al., 2010). Drug-resistant strains are responsible for subclinical coccidiosis and economic losses due to poor weight gain and high food consumption. It was estimated that the 2003–2004 economic losses in India were 68.08% related to reduced body weight gain and 22.7% related to increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) (Bera et al., 2010). Regarding the anticoccidial effects of A. annua in chickens, past studies indicated that both artemisinin and A. annua can be effective against Eimeria spp. (Allen et al., 1998; Arab et al., 2006; Naidoo et al., 2008; Youn and Noh, 2001).
Modern Pharmacognostic Investigation of Harmal
Published in Ephraim Shmaya Lansky, Shifra Lansky, Helena Maaria Paavilainen, Harmal, 2017
Ephraim Shmaya Lansky, Shifra Lansky, Helena Maaria Paavilainen
Coccidia is a large subclass of obligate parasitic, single-celled protozoa that spend their lives and reproduce within animal cells (Figure 7.5). Infected animals, which may include any mammal, many fish, and birds, spread spores called oocysts in their feces. Coccidiosis is an economically important disease of chickens, and may also affect humans. Symptoms can include bloody diarrhea and weakness or disfiguring skin involvement, and the infection is possibly fatal in the young or weak.
Anticoccidial effect of Fructus Meliae toosendan extract against Eimeria tenella
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Ting Yong, Meng Chen, Yunhe Li, Xu Song, Yongyuan Huang, Yaqin Chen, Renyong Jia, Yuanfeng Zou, Lixia Li, Lizi Yin, Changliang He, Cheng Lv, Xiaoxia Liang, Gang Ye, Zhongqiong Yin
Avian coccidiosis is a major intracellular parasitic disease caused by the genus Eimeria (Eimeriidae), leading to tremendous economic losses of poultry worldwide (Allen and Fetterer 2002; Dalloul and Lillehoj 2006). The life cycle of E. tenella is complex. It starts from the exogenous stage of unsporulated oocysts shedding in faeces, then sporulation and infection. In the endogenous phase, when the environmentally resistant oocysts infect chickens, the haploid sporozoites are released from sporocysts contained within each oocyst (Sharman et al. 2010), and subsequently invade intestinal epithelial cells. Eventually, the final generation of merozoites differentiates into either male or female microgametes and release from the host cells, and male gametes invade and fuse with intracellular female gametes to form zygotes. Zygotes mature into oocysts within the gut and are excreted into faeces (Kinnaird et al. 2004). Intestinal colonization can cause damage to the intestinal tract and caecum, which decreases feed conversion, leading to lower productivity and performance. Moreover, coccidiosis also causes the disbalance of intestinal microflora, such as increasing Enterobacteriaceae abundance, decreasing Bacillales and Lactobacillales abundance, and weakening the immune function, even boosting the susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections (Morris et al. 2007; Shirley et al. 2007; Tian et al. 2014; MacDonald et al. 2017).
Chicken toll-like receptors and their significance in immune response and disease resistance
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2019
Aamir Nawab, Lilong An, Jiang Wu, Guanghui Li, Wenchao Liu, Yi Zhao, Qimin Wu, Mei Xiao
Eimeria are parasites that cause coccidiosis in poultry species which, in turn, reduce productivity and result in major economic losses to the commercial poultry. Commonly, live vaccines and chemoprophylaxis are used to control coccidiosis in birds [129], but, due to the issue of drug resistance many of the anticoccidial drugs are ineffective and live parasite vaccine have many disadvantages such as less shelf life, safety associated concerns and large-scale production. Thus, efforts have been made to introduce a new and safe vaccine with a suitable adjuvant for a better immune response [130]. TLR ligands have been used as recombinant protein antigens to increase the immune response to the vaccine. A study by Dalloul et al. has showed that TLR21 ligand CpG enhanced the poultry resistance to coccidiosis [131]. CpG-ODN 2006 treatment decreased the number of oocyst, improved weight gain as well as the immunity of the birds. A study has tested the immunoprotective role of CpG in ovo and with an Eimeria recombinant microneme protein-2 (MIC2) [134]. The results of above reports found that oocyst shedding was reduced after in ovo administration of CpG-ODN and resistance against Eimeria acervulina infections was improved [134]. Furthermore, CpGODNs (ODN 2006 and ODN D19) administration with MIC2 reduced oocyst shedding, but the weight gain was increased only in ODN D19 treatment under Eimeria tenella-infection [134]. Hence, the immunoprotective ability of CpG-ODN was dependent on dose, route, backbone and on the chicken strain.
Role of Mushroom as Dietary Supplement on Performance of Poultry
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2019
Sohail Hassan Khan, Nasir Mukhtar, Javid Iqbal
Avian coccidiosis is the major parasitic disease of poultry with substantial economic burden to the industry. Coccidiosis is caused by several apicomplexan parasites of the genus Eimeria that infect the intestinal tract and are transmitted between birds via ingestion of infective oocysts. Different studies have investigated the immunopotentiating effect of a mushroom on poultry cell-mediated immunity and subsequent protection against coccidiosis. Guo et al. (2004, 2005) demonstrated the protective effects of mushrooms and their polysaccharide extracts (Lentinus edodes and Tremella fuciformis) against Eimeria tenella infection. Dalloul, Lillehoj, Lee, Lee, & Chung (2006) investigated the immunopotentiating effect of a mushroom lectin extracted from mushroom (Fomitella fraxiena) on poultry cell-mediated immunity and protection against coccidiosis. When extract injected into 18-day-old chicken embryos followed by a posthatch oral E. acervulina challenge infection, lectin treatment significantly protected chickens against weight loss associated with coccidiosis. Injecting embryos with lectin also resulted in significant reduction in oocyst shedding as compared with the control saline-injected birds. Their results from utilizing the mushroom lectin included effective growth promotion and immune stimulation in poultry with coccidiosis. In a recent study conducted by Willis et al. (2012), four different medicinal mushrooms (shiitake, cordyceps, reishi, and oyster) were utilized for their potential immunomodulating properties in Eimeria-challenged broiler chickens. These workers evaluated the effects of feeding 5% each of four different medicinal mushrooms, both singularly and combined, via fungus myceliated grain (FMG) to broilers challenged with Eimeria at 14 days of age and reared in battery brooder cages. The major findings in this study demonstrated that broilers fed 5% shiitake via FMG were superior in their performance and Eimeria protection as opposed to broilers supplemented with reishi, oyster, or cordyceps or a combination of all four. Cordyceps was found to cause some depression in broiler body weights whether or not the bird was experimentally challenged with Eimeria at the time; however, it also showed the ability to significantly reduce oocyst shedding.