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Antimicrobials during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
The two major antimalarial drugs are chloroquine and quinine. Chloroquine is the primary drug used for the treatment of malaria, as well as for chemoprophylaxis in pregnant women who must travel to endemic areas (Diro and Beydoun, 1982). Although there have been no studies of infants whose mothers were treated for malaria during pregnancy with chloroquine, one study reported no increased frequency of congenital anomalies among 169 infants whose mothers received weekly low doses of the drug for malaria prophylaxis during pregnancy (Wolfe and Cordero, 1985). Quinine is used primarily for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. Although there are no large studies regarding its use during pregnancy, increased malformations have been reported when large doses were used to attempt abortion (Nishimura and Tanimura, 1976). Quinine sulfate tablets have also been utilized for leg cramps, but their efficacy is unproven. Although not recommended for the treatment of leg cramps during pregnancy, the antimalarial quinines should not be withheld in the seriously ill pregnant woman with chloroquine-resistant malaria.
The Legacy of Alexander
Published in Herant Katchadourian, The Way It Turned Out, 2018
My parents and Armenians more generally were caught in the shifting political sands that followed World War I. They could have moved out of the region, as some did, but others stayed as long as they had some ability to control their lives. When my parents settled in Iskenderun following their marriage in 1919, it had become part of the French Mandate of Syria. Except for its harbor the town did not have much going for it. It was surrounded by swamps infested with mosquitoes and endemic malaria. I remember sleeping under a mosquito net enjoying the feeling of being in a little space of my own. I watched the mosquitoes land on the netting and occasionally managed to squeeze one or two of them between my fingers, staining the net with their blood, much to my satisfaction. It was small compensation for the itch I suffered when they managed to get through the netting and bite me. The use of quinine to treat malaria had become so habitual that after we moved to Beirut, where there was no malaria, my mother would never take aspirin without also taking quinine; it was always “aspirin and solfato” (quinine sulfate).
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Quinine wine has long been regarded as a powerful tonic. Cinchona does have astringent, bitter tonic, analgesic, and anesthetic properties along with the antimalarial, antiarrhythmic, and febrifugal characters. Quinine is used in collyria as an anesthetic, astringent bactericide. Quinine sulfate is used to treat colds and leg cramps.29 Quinine inhibits meat decay and yeast fermentation.17 Morton adds that a mixture of quinine and urea hydrochloride (59% quinine) is injected as a sclerosing agent for internal hemorrhoids, hydrocele, varicose veins, and pleural vacities after thoracoplasty. Quinidine is also used to treat hiccups.17 In 1973 0.18% (2,758,000) of all prescriptions in the U.S. (1.532 billion) contained quinidine.98 As a matter of fact, more than 25% of all prescriptions contained one or more active constituents obtained from seed plants. Powdered bark used as a dentifrice, cinchona, extracts in hair tonics, promotes, and stimulates hair growth. Quinic and cinchona extracts are used in tonic waters, bitters, and liqueurs (up to 278 ppm red cinchona extract in alcoholic beverages); also, in baked goods, candies, condiments, frozen dairy desserts, and relishes.29 Cinchona bark is still used for tanning after extraction of the alkaloids.17
Management strategies for human babesiosis
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Robert P. Smith, Klaus-Peter Hunfeld, Peter J Krause
Initial therapy for patients with severe or life-threatening B. microti infection is atovaquone (oral) and azithromycin (intravenous) (Table 1) [18,37,89]. Transition to exclusively oral therapy is appropriate once parasitemia and symptoms have abated. A high dose of oral azithromycin (500 to 1000 mg per day) may be considered, although data are limited [42,90]. If there is clinical evidence of failure to respond to atovaquone and azithromycin, a switch to intravenous clindamycin and oral quinine sulfate is recommended. An alternative may be the addition of a third agent (e.g., clindamycin) to the initial regimen. Some patients may benefit from red blood cell exchange transfusion, although no prospective clinical trials have been performed to demonstrate efficacy (see below). Careful fluid management is important to support adequate blood pressure but also to avoid fluid overload and pulmonary edema. Antimicrobial treatment duration often needs to be extended beyond 10 days depending upon clinical response and improvement of parasitemia on blood smear.
Harmine-loaded galactosylated pluronic F68-gelucire 44/14 mixed micelles for liver targeting
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Jeetendra Prasad Kushwaha, Debjani Baidya, Sharvil Patil
The HPLC system consisted of a chromatographic pump (LC-20AT, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) fitted with UV detector [22]. For HPLC separation, a reversed-phase metasil ODS column (5 µm, 4.6 × 150 mm I.D.) was used. HPLC analysis was performed by isocratic elution maintaining a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. The mobile phase was composed of isopropyl alcohol:acetonitrile:water:formic acid (100:100:300:0.3) (v/v/v/v) with pH adjusted to 8.6 using triethylamine. Quinine sulfate was used as internal standard. The run time for analysis was 10 min and the detection wavelength was set at 330 nm. The protocol was approved by the animal Ethics Committee of Bharati Vidyapeeth, Poona College of Pharmacy, Pune, India (approval no.: CPCSEA/PCT02/2016-17).