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Medicinal Plants Against COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Binish Khaliq, Naila Ali, Ahmed Akrem, M. Yasin Ashraf, Arif Malik, Arifa Tahir, M. Zia-Ul-Haq
Compound originated from medicinal plants have the potential to block the Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, and these compounds will not inhibit the enzymes’ function. Therefore, these medicinal compounds may be helpful to cure the COVID-19 widespread in humans. These compounds do not affect with ACE2 expression in infected people and therefore enhance the chance for COVID-19. The sequences of ACE and ACE2 have the similarities. Substances which showed the blockage effects toward ACE which have the same effect for ACE2 and stop the entry of virus [38]. In 2016, Patten, and his colleagues demonstrated the blockage effects of medicinal herbs and plants on ACE2. They reported the inhibitory potential of 141 medicinal plants, 73 families and 49 isolated natural substance on the ACE [39]. In addition, 16 medicinal plant species were accounted to slice the angiotensin type 1A receptor in vitro analysis. Sharifi and his colleagues in 2013 reported that four Iranian medicinal plants species, i.e., Quercus infectoria, Berberis integerrima, Onopordum acanthium, and Crataegus laevigata exhibited the more than 80% inhibitory activity against the ACE during the in vitro study [40]. Quercus infectoria at 330 µg/ml concentration showed 94% inhibition of ACE. The inhibitory activity of this medicinal plant might be due to its higher phenolic contents and increased antioxidant potent. In addition to phenolic contents and antioxidant potential showed by this plant extract, the condensed tannins present in its and these interfere with the ACE functions.
Green Metal-Based Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Medicinal Plants and Plant Phytochemicals against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Published in Richard L. K. Glover, Daniel Nyanganyura, Rofhiwa Bridget Mulaudzi, Maluta Steven Mufamadi, Green Synthesis in Nanomedicine and Human Health, 2021
Abeer Ahmed Qaed Ahmed, Lin Xiao, Tracey Jill Morton McKay, Guang Yang
Quercus infectoria G. Olivier nutgall is well known in traditional Thai medicine as an efficient drug for skin and wound infections. Chusri and Voravuthikunchai (2011) reported the effect of different Q. infectoria fractions and its purified compounds against MRSA and S. aureus, which caused hypersensitivity to low and high osmotic pressure. The synergistic effect of Q. infectoria extract with β-lactam antibiotics have shown that Q. infectoria can interfere with the Staphylococcal enzymes, including β‐lactamase and autolysins (Chusri and Voravuthikunchai, 2009). Results also show that Q. infectoria extract as well as tannic acid influences the biofilm formation, bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity and the cell wall, which might impact on the anti-formation activity of biofilm (Chusri et al., 2012).
Herbal Therapies
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
H. Shahrul, M. L. Tan, A. H. Auni, S. R. Nur, S. M. N. Nurul
Quercus infectoria is another popular medicinal plant which is used traditionally in postpartum. In Malaysia, the galls is known as “manjakani” nut. It has been studied over the years and most well accepted health supplement used during postpartum care (Shrestha et al., 2014). It has high content of active constituents which comprise tannins (50% and 70%), gallic acid, syringic acid, ellagic acid, sitosterol, amentoflavone, hexamethyl ether, isocryptomerin, methyl betulate, methyloleanate and hexagalloyl glucose (Iminjan et al., 2014). This “magic” nut is utilized as an astringent, anti-inflammatory agent, antiseptic and antidiarrheal agent (Baharuddin et al., 2015; Digrak et al., 1999) and also as uterotonic agents in the modulation of uterine contractility (Noureddini et al., 2018). However, further investigations are needed for production of standardized Q. infectoria gall extract for safe consumption and elucidating its molecular mechanisms.
Inhibitory effect of Tunceli garlic (Allium tuncelianum) on blastocystis subtype 3 grown in vitro
Published in Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs, 2020
Mehmet Aykur, Emrah Karakavuk, Muhammet Karakavuk, Mesut Akıl, Hüseyin Can, Mert Döşkaya, Yüksel Gürüz, Hande Dağcı
The anti-Blastocystis effects of many plant extracts have been investigated and the LD50 values of Quercus infectoria and Achillea millefolium extracts were found to be 1000 μg/ml and 500 μg/ml, respectively [63]. In addition, anti-diarrheic Thai medicinal plants called Acacia catechu resin, Amaranthus spinosus whole plant, Brucea javanica seed (Bjs), Piper longum fruit (Plf) and Quercus infectoria nut gall were found to have inhibitory effects against Blastocystis [53].
Antibacterial effects of 18 medicinal plants used by the Khyang tribe in Bangladesh
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2018
Md Shahadat Hossan, Hassan Jindal, Sarah Maisha, Chandramathi Samudi Raju, Shamala Devi Sekaran, Veeranoot Nissapatorn, Fatima Kaharudin, Lim Su Yi, Teng Jin Khoo, Mohammed Rahmatullah, Christophe Wiart
We sought to determine the MIC of 54 extracts from the 18 plants collected by broth microdilution method (Reller et al. 2009). Results of broth microdilution assay confirmed that Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible than Gram-negative bacteria (Table 3). Rios and Recio (2005) suggested that crude extract with MIC superior to 1000 µg/mL is inactive and proposed interesting activity for MIC of 100 µg/mL and below. Fabry et al. (1998) defined active crude extracts as having MIC values below 8000 µg/mL. Kuete (2010) and Cos et al. (2006) use a stricter endpoint criteria, in which crude extracts with MIC values less than 100 µg/mL are active. Further, Kuete (2010) classifies as weakly active extracts with MIC above 625 µg/mL. Following Cos et al. (2006) and Kuete (2010), three plants had interesting activities with MIC below 100 µg/mL for at least one of the bacteria tested (Table 3). The lowest MIC towards MRSA was demonstrated by the hexane extract of Mentha arvensis L. (Lamiaceae) (24.3 µg/mL). According to Krishnan et al. (2010), antibacterial extracts or compounds are categorized into two classes: bacteriostatic (MBC/MIC ratio >4) and bactericidal (MBC/MIC ratio ≤4). Following this classification, hexane extract of Mentha arvensis with MBC/MIC ratio above 61.7 was bacteriostatic for MRSA; this extract was bacteriostatic for E. coli and bactericidal for A. baumannii. A body of experimental evidence demonstrates that it is not unusual for extracts to demonstrate equal MIC and MBC values. For instance, the ethanol extract of galls of Quercus infectoria Olivier (Fagaceae) inhibited the growth of MRSA with MIC and MBC values of 1600 µg/mL (Wan et al. 2014). Ethyl acetate extract of Mentha piperita L. (Lamiaceae) inhibited the growth of E. faecalis with MIC and MBC values of 2.5 mg/mL (Shalayel et al. 2017). The ethanol extract of Terminalia bellirica was strongly bactericidal for A. baumannii with MIC and MBC of 11.7 µg/mL. Hexane extract of bark of Cinnamomum cassia had the broadest spectrum of activity with notably a bactericidal effect for A. baumannii with MIC of 11.7 µg/mL.