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Naturally Occurring Alkaloids with Anti-HIV Activity
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Several sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids—tripfordine A (83), wilfordine (84), wilfortrine (85), hypoglaunine A and B (86 and 87), triptonine A and B (88 and 89), hyponine A and B (90 and 91), hyponine E and F (92 and 93), forrestine (94), cangoronine E-1 (95), euonymine (96) and neoeuonymine (97)—displayed significant anti-HIV activity (Figure 20.10). The EC50 values for alkaloids 84–87, 89, 90, 92 and 91, 94–97 were found to be < 0.1–1.0 μg/mL, which is comparable to the EC50 value (0.012 μg/mL) of positive control AZT. The EC50 values for alkaloids 88, 83 and 93 were found to be 2.5 μg/mL, 13.4 μg/mL and 35.2 μg/mL, respectively. The range of TI for these alkaloids was good (11.3–1000+), except for compounds 83 and 93 (1.9 and > 2.8, respectively). The TI value for the AZT was found to be 41,667 μg/mL (Duan et al., 2000; Horiuch et al., 2006).
Role of Plant-Based Anti-HIV Agents in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (Hand)
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
Vishal K. Singh, Himani Chaurasia, Richa Mishra, Ritika Srivastava, Vivek K. Chaturvedi, Ramendra K. Singh
Numerous alkaloids are effective against HIV progression through several mechanisms. For example, Polycitone A is extracted from marine ascidians showing effects against reverse transcription process of HIV virus, RNA-, and DNA-guided DNA polymerases [45]. Papaverine decelerated the duplication process of HIV virion through Papaver sominiferum. Quinolone (is also called Buchapine) is obtained from Eodia roxburghiana and it demonstrates inhibitory effects against cytopathogenic parameters of HIV-1 [49]. Nitidine is obtained from roots of Toddalia asiatica and it is effective against HIV. A piperidine flavone (it is an associated alkaloid named as O-demethyl-buchenavianine) is extracted from Buchenavia capitata and it impedes normal activity of HIV [6]. Harmine is obtained from Symplocos setchuensis and it hinders the normal replication process of HIV inside H9 cells [34]. Some anti-HIV activities have also been shown by 1-methoxy canthionone that is attained from Leitneria floridana [76]. Sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids (such as Hypoglaumine B, Troponine B, and Troponine A) can be extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii and Tripterygium hypoglaucum; and these demonstrate specific anti-HIV properties [19].
Plant Species from the Atlantic Forest Biome and Their Bioactive Constituents
Published in Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio, Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Rebeca Previate Medina, Carolina Rabal Biasetto, Lidiane Gaspareto Felippe, Lilian Cherubin Correia, Marília Valli, Afif Felix Monteiro, Alberto José Cavalheiro, Ângela Regina Araújo, Ian Castro-Gamboa, Maysa Furlan, Vanderlan da Silva Bolzani, Dulce Helena Siqueira Silva
Inappropriate treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, a serious health problem, can cause liver cirrhosis with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. The high costs of the available therapy as well as the potential for development of resistance evidence the need for alternative treatments and stimulated the search of new and efficient antiviral compounds. M. ilicifolia afforded flavonoids and sesquiterpene-pyridine alkaloids as major chemical constituents. Compounds 46 and 47 (Figure 9.9), 111 (Figure 9.22) and 121 (Figure 9.26) have been isolated from the root bark of M. ilicifolia and were subjected to studies on HCV genome replication, using the luciferase assay and Huh 7.5 cells, based on HCV sub-genomic replicons (SGR) of genotypes 2a (JFH-1), 1b and 3a. The sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloid aquifoliunine E-I (111) dramatically inhibited HCV SGR replication, and the western blotting assay confirmed these results, as the alkaloid also inhibited HCV protein expression. In addition, compound 111 presented activity against a daclatasvir resistance mutant subgenomic replicon and reduced the production of infectious JFH-1 virus (Jardim et al., 2015).
Insecticide potential of two saliva components of the predatory bug Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) caterpillars
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Juliana Mendonça Campos, Luis Carlos Martínez, Angelica Plata-Rueda, Wolfgang Weigand, José Cola Zanuncio, José Eduardo Serrão
Insecticidal action of the saliva from P. nigrispinus and its components 1,2,5-trithiepane and DMA against S. frugiperda caterpillars is effective causing mortality, histological and cytological changes, following cell death mainly in the midgut. The toxicity of these components is dose-dependent such as found against Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Martínez et al. 2016). Insect non-proteinaceous components such as alkyldimethylpyrazines produced by Phyllium westwoodii Wood-Mason (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae) (Dossey et al. 2009), batrachotoxin alkaloids by Choresine pulchra (Pic) (Coleoptera: Melyridae) (Dumbacher et al. 2004), pyridine alkaloids by Stenus comma LeConte (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) (Lusebrink et al. 2009), and pyrones by Lampyris noctiluca Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) (Tyler et al. 2008) have been found to be toxic and used against other insects. In this study, data show that the salivary extract from P. nigrispinus and its components 1,2,5-trithiepane and DMA are toxic against S. frugiperda in small amounts (28–89 nL insect−1), suggesting a potential use as insecticide.