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Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
Exposure to nicotine occurs during processing or extraction of tobacco; during the mixing, storage, or application of insecticides containing nicotine; or during smoking. Nicotine is available in concentrates as a free base, which is volatile, or as the sulfate. Both are liquids, even in pure form. In addition to concentrates, nicotine is also present in a large number of insecticide mixtures in concentrations of 1 % or more. Additional less toxic compounds with similar actions are anabasine, nornicotine, and lobeline. The less toxic nicotine polacrilex (Nicorette) is used as a tobacco substitute.
Concentrations of urine cotinine and hydroxycotinine among US children, adolescents, and adults: data from NHANES 2013–2014
Published in Biomarkers, 2019
Data on nicotine and its metabolites and analogues in urine along with relevant demographic data were downloaded for NHANES 2013–2014. Data for all those aged 6 years and older were available for total cotinine, total hydroxycotinine, anabasine, anatbine, cotinine-n-oxide, nicotine, nornicotine, nicotine-1 n-oxide and three total nicotine equivalents (NE), namely, NE-2 (total cotinine + total trans-3′-hydroxycotinine), NE-3 (total nicotine + total cotinine + total trans-3′-hydroxycotinine) and NE-6 (NE3 + total S-cotinine n-oxide + (1′S,2′S)-nicotine 1′-oxide + (R,S)-nornicotine). While data on total cotinine, total hydroxycotinine, and NE-2 were available for all participants, data for anabasine, anatbine, cotinine-n-oxide, nicotine, nornicotine, nicotine-1 n-oxide and NE-3 and NE-6 were available for only those who had cotinine concentrations ≥20 ng mL−1. Because the data for anabasine, anatbine, cotinine-n-oxide, nicotine, nornicotine, nicotine-1 n-oxide, and NE-3 and NE-6 were not available for all participants, they were not considered for analysis in this study. Thus, this study was limited to analysing data for total cotinine and total hydroxycotinine. Because, NE-2 was merely a sum of cotinine and hydroxycotinine, analysing NE-2 was considered to be duplicative but may be considered for analysis in future studies. Percent observations > = the limit of detection for total cotinine and total hydroxycotinine were 97.7% and 97.9% respectively. Total number of samples available for analyses was 3135. Sample size details are given in Table 1.
Comparison of the content of tobacco alkaloids and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in ‘heat-not-burn’ tobacco products before and after aerosol generation
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2018
Won Tae Jeong, Hyun Ki Cho, Hyung Ryeol Lee, Ki Hoon Song, Heung Bin Lim
Table 1 shows the content of TAs measured in two types of conventional cigarettes and three types of HTP cigarettes (manufacturing goods I, II and III). Nicotine, nornicotine, anatabine, and anabasine were detected in both the conventional and the HTP cigarettes, but cotinine was detected only in the conventional cigarettes while myosmine was not detected in the CM7 cigarettes only. The four most abundant alkaloids in all of the samples were nicotine, followed by anatabine, nornicotine, and anabasine. When comparing the contents calculated by weight of each alkaloid of conventional versus HTP cigarettes, the content of myosmine in the HTP cigarettes was much higher than in 3R4F cigarettes. Moreover, for the HTP cigarettes, the contents of nicotine, nornicotine, anatabine, and anabasine were lowest in MG III, and contained 58%, 68%, 35%, and 68% less, respectively than 3R4F cigarettes. Even though the contents of the four alkaloids in MG I and II versus conventional cigarettes did not differ significantly, the amount that can be inhaled is presumably small since the weight per cigarette is low.
Definitive urine drug testing in office-based opioid treatment: a literature review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2018
Andrea G. Barthwell, Jeffrey Allgaier, Kenneth Egli
The authors conducted a search of peer-reviewed and government-supported articles in electronic databases, including PubMed, government websites, Google Scholar, and Google. The search was conducted from May 2017 to 2018. Keyword searches included UDT, urinalysis, immunoassay, chromatography, breathalyzer, medication-assisted treatment, OBOT, addiction, drug interaction, false positive, false negative, cross-reactivity, accuracy, buprenorphine, OUD, substance use disorder, opioid, cocaine, opiate, heroin, cocaine, amphetamine, stimulant, dextroamphetamine, methamphetamine, marijuana, THC, cannabinoid, PCP, club drugs, MDMA, ecstasy, gamma hydroxybutyric, GHB, synthetic cathinone, sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, benzodiazepine, barbiturate, inhalant, hallucinogen, volatile solvent, aerosol, nitrites, alcohol, ethanol, ETOH, ethyl glucuronide (EtG), ethyl sulfate (EtS), nicotine, cotinine, and anabasine. Any articles that were published in 1987 or earlier were excluded. Assertions that lacked supporting data were also excluded.