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Dental Caries: Dietary and Microbiology Factors
Published in Lars Granath, William D. McHugh, Systematized Prevention of Oral Disease: Theory and Practice, 2019
William H. Bowen, Dowen Birkhed
A tetrapeptide that contains glycine-glycine-lysine-arginine has been identified in saliva. The substance has the ability to raise the pH of dental plaque when it is metabolized by yet unidentified oral microorganisms. The amine putrescine is apparently one of the major products.69
Biogenic Amines in Plant Food
Published in Akula Ramakrishna, Victoria V. Roshchina, Neurotransmitters in Plants, 2018
Kamil Ekici, Abdullah Khalid Omer
Legumes are an important source of proteins and other nutrients and are commonly used as food and fodder. Particularly in developing countries, legumes represent the major component of daily dietary food stuffs along with bread (Shalaby, 2000). The major sources of putrescine were fruit, cheese, and non-green vegetables. All foods contributed similar amounts of spermidine to the diet, although levels were generally higher in green vegetables, and meat was the richest source of spermine (Valero et al., 2002). It has been reported that the profile and levels of amines in plants can be affected by different cultivars (Cirilo et al., 2003; Gloria et al., 2005). The increase in total bioactive amines observed during germination was previously reported in different seeds. According to Shalaby (2000), amines are endogenously produced during the germination process. The significantly higher levels of spermidine, spermine, and putrescine observed in 48–72 h suggest that this is the period with the greatest cellular multiplication and growth. Many biogenic amines in different levels are available in various juices, nectars, and lemonades, which are made from oranges, raspberries, lemons, grapefruit, mandarins, strawberries, currants, and grapes, and putrescine was the predominant and being the most significant amine in most of them, while histamine was low and tyramine concentrations were high (Santos, 1996; Shalaby, 1996). Putrescine increased during ripening in long-keeping tomato (Yahia et al., 2001).
Poly amines and Cell and Tissue Growth
Published in Jean Morisset, Travis E. Solomon, Growth of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Gastrointestinal Hormones and Growth Factors, 2017
Chris N. Conteas, Ann L. Silverman, Jeffrey A. Moshier, Peter P. McCann, Gordon D. Luk
The synthesis of polyamines in mammalian systems starts with the decarboxylation of the amino acid ornithine to form putrescine (Figure 1). This enzymatic conversion is carried out by the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and is the first and often rate-limiting step in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. After the formation of putrescine, aminopropyl groups are added to form, respectively, spermidine and spermine. These enzymatic reactions are carried out by the aminopropyl transferases, spermidine synthase and spermine synthase, respectively, which use decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine (dc-AdoMet) as the aminopropyl donor. Dc-AdoMet is formed by the action of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC).
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells prevent disruption of the gut barrier, preserve microbiota composition, and potentiate immunoregulatory pathways in a rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Dušan Radojević, Marina Bekić, Alisa Gruden-Movsesijan, Nataša Ilić, Miroslav Dinić, Aleksandar Bisenić, Nataša Golić, Dragana Vučević, Jelena Đokić, Sergej Tomić
To evaluate whether the changes observed in microbial metabolic pathway prediction corresponded to the actual changes in the levels of key microbial metabolites in animal feces, we measured the concentrations of SFCAs (butyric, propionic, and acetic acid) and polyamines (spermidine and putrescine) in fecal samples from the three groups at the EAE peak, as well as in healthy, non-treated animals. The results suggest that the fecal levels of acetic acid and spermidine did not differ significantly between the groups of tested animals. The levels of propionic acid and putrescine were lowered at the peak of disease in control (EAE) group, as compared to their levels in the healthy animals. This reduction was lower in the MDSC-treated group, particularly in the MDSC-PGE2-treated group, in which the levels of putrescine exceeded those of healthy control animals. Interestingly, the levels of fecal butyric acid did not change significantly in the EAE peak as compared to healthy animals, but were significantly increased in the groups of animals treated with MDSCs and MDSC-PGE2 (Figure 6C). These results suggest that MDSCs, especially MDSC-PGE2 treatment after EAE induction, can recover or even increase the levels of metabolites involved in the immunoregulatory mechanisms by the gut microbiota, as predicted by the PICRUSt2 analysis followed by LEfSe analysis.
Agmatine as a potential therapeutic intervention in bipolar depression: the preclinical landscape
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2019
Devon Watts, Bianca Pfaffenseller, Bianca Wollenhaupt-Aguiar, Luiza Paul Géa, Taiane De Azevedo Cardoso, Flavio Kapczinski
Similarly, agmatine has been shown to reverse both corticosterone-induced depressive-like behaviors, and deficits in hippocampal cell proliferation [57], and to prevent corticosterone-induced depressive-like behavior in mice, abolishing corticosterone-induced changes in the morphology of astrocytes and microglia in the cornu Ammonis (CA1) region of the hippocampus [62]. In addition, a single dose of agmatine or ketamine, but not fluoxetine, abolished depressive-like behavior induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress CUMS in mice [59]. Agmatine also potentiates the antidepressant-like effects of ketamine through the mTOR/S6 kinase signaling pathway [70], and increases the potency of subthreshold doses of traditional antidepressants [71]. Sub-effective doses of agmatine have also been shown to produce a synergistic antidepressant-like effect when administered in combination with the polyamine putrescine [72].
Biomarkers of disease in human nails: a comprehensive review
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2022
Sarahi Jaramillo Ortiz, Michael Howsam, Elisabeth H. van Aken, Joris R. Delanghe, Eric Boulanger, Frédéric J. Tessier
In a small case-control study (17 cases and 39 controls) of lung cancer, Min and colleagues [61] followed up their work on diabetes by examining polyamines in nails using a rigorously validated derivatization technique followed by LC-MS/MS. Polyamines are essential for normal cell growth and elevated concentrations in cancer cells, resulting from altered polyamine metabolism, are linked with poorer outcomes and the recurrence of some cancers [62,63]. Min et al. [61] described higher levels of putrescine and its acetyl form in men’s than in women’s nails as well as significantly higher spermine concentrations (by a factor of ∼2.5) in the nails of lung cancer patients compared with healthy controls.