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Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: Evidence-based approaches
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
James A. McGregor, Michael W. McCullough
Biophysical changes associated with bacterial vaginosis include elevated pH (>4.5), reduced redox potential, increased fluid concentrations of diamines, polyamines, and organic acids, as well as increased concentrations of enzymes, including mucinases, sialidases, IgA proteases, collagenases, nonspecific proteases, and phospholipases A2 and C (24,33–39). Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), cytokine interleukin-1a, and prostaglandins E2 and F2a are also increased in the vaginal fluid of women with bacterial vaginosis (40,41). Amines, primarily trimethyla-mine, putrescine, and cadaverine, are produced during amino acid metabolism by bacterial vaginosis–associated anaerobic bacteria (37,42). These volatile amines are released as pH increases and are responsible for the “sharp” or “fishy” odor sometimes noticed in the presence of bacterial vaginosis (37,43). Several short-chain fatty acids, including succinate, acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, butyrate, and isovalerate, are also increased in bacterial vaginosis (24). In vitro studies demonstrate that increased succinic acid dramatically impairs neutrophil phagocytic killing, response to chemotactic stimuli, and generation of respiratory bursts required for bacterial killing (44). Butyrate inhibits lymphocyte activation by release of an endotoxin (45,46).
Incapacitating Agents and Technologies: A Review *
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
1,5-Diaminopentane is also known as cadaverine. It is a colorless to pale yellow liquid of flash point 638 ×C. It is formed post mortem in the decay of animal proteins. Cadaverine is a moderately severe skin and eye irritant (MSDS, 2006).
Scombrotoxin
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
The effects of histamine are more severe when consumed with spoiled fish than alone. It is therefore believed that some components of the fish may act as potentiators and decrease the effective threshold of toxicity. Putrescine and cadaverine are present in significantly higher levels in toxic fish than fresh fish. They have been suggested to act as potentiators of histamine, either by inhibiting the metabolic enzymes (e.g., DAO and HMT), or by increasing absorption of histamine (3). However, the exact ratio of other biogenic amines in relationship to histamine in decomposing fish is not well understood, and histamine still remains the main indicator for SFP.
Integrated Profiling of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Probiotic Genomes, Proteomes and Metabolomes Revealed Small Molecules with Differential Growth Inhibition of Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023
Petronella R. Hove, Nora Jean Nealon, Siu Hung Joshua Chan, Shea M. Boyer, Hannah B. Haberecht, Elizabeth P. Ryan
Amino acids represented the largest metabolic pathway in LGG and ECN metabolomes and accounted for ∼23.2% of metabolites in the supernatant. Of these amino acid metabolites, ∼20.6% were differentially abundant when comparing LGG and ECN supernatant. The polyamine metabolic pathway (PES 1.10) revealed that ECN produced higher levels of polyamines compared to LGG. The polyamine cadaverine, a lysine derivative, was 37.46- times higher in ECN versus LGG supernatant (p < 1.00E-30). The polyamine agmatine, a metabolite of arginine, was 11.35-fold higher in ECN versus LGG supernatant. Additional enrichment of arginine metabolites was identified in arginine, proline, and urea cycle metabolism (PES 1.38). In this metabolic pathway, arginine (0.58-fold lower in ECN versus LGG, p < 1.00E-7), ornithine (4.73-fold higher in ECN versus LGG, p < 1.00E-11), and citrulline (2.85-fold higher in ECN versus LGG, p < 1.00E-13) distinguished LGG and ECN metabolite profiles.
Host acid signal controls Salmonella flagella biogenesis through CadC-YdiV axis
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Weiwei Wang, Yingying Yue, Min Zhang, Nannan Song, Haihong Jia, Yuanji Dai, Fengyu Zhang, Cuiling Li, Bingqing Li
The Cad system is an acid-inducible degradative amino acid decarboxylase system, which helps bacteria resist environmental acid stress. The Cad system consists of cadC and cadBA operons.42–44 CadC is a membrane-spanning transcriptional activator of the cadBA operon and is normally in an inactive state. Under external acidification and exogenous lysine, CadC is rapidly activated by proteolytic cleavage. The N-terminus of CadC binds to the cadBA promoter and activates the transcription of the cadBA operon.43,45 As a result, lysine is decarboxylated to cadaverine by CadA and cadaverine is transported out of the cell by CadB, facilitating bacterial acid tolerance.46,47 CadC can also regulate other proteins involved in glycolysis, energy production, and stress tolerance in Salmonella.45
Polyamine biomarkers as indicators of human disease
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Mohsin Amin, Shiying Tang, Liliana Shalamanova, Rebecca L. Taylor, Stephen Wylie, Badr M. Abdullah, Kathryn A. Whitehead
Cadaverine and putrescine have been identified as upregulated biomolecules in periodontal disease and their role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease have been suggested in a number of previous studies (Lamster et al.1987, Mariggiò et al.2004, Lohinai et al.2012). Despite their abundance in cells, polyamine levels are tightly regulated. However, there are some differences in the concentrations of certain polyamines such as cadaverine when measured in the saliva of individuals. Tábi et al. (2008) measured average cadaverine levels that increased to 11.8 ± 8.30 µM, from 7.9 ± 6.48 µM, after oral hygiene was restricted and they concluded that such an increase in cadaverine concentration could potentially contribute to an increase in the development of periodontal diseases. Fine and Mandel (1986) described increases of up to 10 fold of cadaverine in patients whose plaque index score was measured from 1 to 2, leading to the suggestion that cadaverine was the best indicator to measure the metabolic activity of plaque, which is associated with the onset of periodontal disease. The upregulation of cadaverine has been observed by Lohinai et al. (2012), through the assessment of human dental biofilms. The concentrations of cadaverine, lysine and lysine decarboxylase in dental biofilms after one week of oral hygiene restriction were measured as a determination of damage to the gingival sulci. Cadaverine in this instance was produced as a result of lysine decarboxylation and the cells attached to the dental tissues become lysine deprived. This results in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which act on the sub-epithelial blood vessels to become permeabilised, or experience autophagy. This enables the dental biofilm constituents to access the gingival stroma to release cytokines and initiate GCF exudation.