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Resource-Limited Environment Plastic Surgery
Published in Mansoor Khan, David Nott, Fundamentals of Frontline Surgery, 2021
Johann A. Jeevaratnam, Charles Anton Fries, Dimitrios Kanakopoulos, Paul J. H. Drake, Lorraine Harry
Prostaglandin F2-alpha and thromboxane A2 cause platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction. As long as there are no contraindications, a systemic prostaglandin inhibitor should be administered, such as oral ibuprofen, at a dose of 12 mg/kg−1 twice daily (up to a maximum of 2400 mg day−1), or aspirin at 300 mg once a day.
Nucleic Acids as Therapeutic Targets and Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Finally, it has been known for some time that the sensitivity of cells and tissues to radiation may be reduced by pre-treatment with prostaglandins. Therefore, researchers have tried to obtain therapeutic gain by administering nonspecific prostaglandin inhibitors such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) prior to radiotherapy. Unfortunately, NSAIDs were shown to raise the sensitivity of both normal and tumor cells with no net therapeutic gain. However, there has recently been renewed interest in highly selective inhibitors of the inducible cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) enzyme which do not act on constitutive COX-1.
What to do if nothing wrong can be found and how to answer when a couple asks ‘what can we do to improve our fertility?’
Published in David J Cahill, Practical Patient Management in Reproductive Medicine, 2019
There is a lot of discussion about the possible negative impact of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics because of concern about prostaglandin inhibitors. There are considerable animal data to support this view (95). In humans, one prospective cohort study of over 2000 women found a dose–response relation between naproxen use and the ability to conceive; the difference using <1500 and ≥1500 mg of naproxen was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.68–1.07) (reduced but not statistically significant) (96). In a smaller study of 259 women, the women were followed up for two menstrual cycles, and data on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (ibuprofen, acetaminophen [paracetamol], aspirin and naproxen) were collected. The conclusion was that NSAIDs were unlikely to harm reproductive function (97). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics probably have no clinical impact on the likelihood of getting pregnant.
Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dilong Injection, on Random Skin Flap Survival in Rats
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2018
Lina Xu, Dingsheng Lin, Bin Cao, Dongnan Ping
Random pattern skin flaps, such as Z-Plasty, Limberg flap, and rotational flaps, are frequently used in plastic and reconstructive surgery to repair local tissue loss and for the reconstruction of several tissue defects for their flexibility and convenience. However, the aspect ratio with great restriction normally cannot be more than 1.5–2:1. The trouble for plastic surgeons is the necrosis of random skin flap, which is one of the most vital problems encountered in flap surgery. Partial or total flap loss may result in a new tissue defect at the flap donor area, increasing the total defect area requiring reconstruction [1]. Such complications may increase the cost of treatment, the length of hospital stay, and, most importantly, may damage the patient's confidence and trust in his/her doctor [1]. Previous studies [2–4] have revealed many factors, such as insufficient arterial flow, ischemia-reperfusion injury, expression of apoptosis-related factors, and inflammation, playing role in the process of flap necrosis. In an attempt to increase viability, numerous surgical and pharmacological methods have been described to increase flap viability. Pharmacological agents, such as sympatholytics, vasodilators, calcium channel blockers, hemorheologics, prostaglandin inhibitors, anticoagulants, glucocorticoids, and free radical scavengers, have been applied topically and administered enterally or parenterally. However, the use of some drugs with proven experimental efficacy has been restricted by side effects, high cost, and/or poor availability [1].
Beneficial Effect of U-74389 G and Sildenafil in An Experimental Model of Flap Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Swine. Histological and Biochemical Evaluation of the Model
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2020
Stavros-Loukas Karamatsoukis, Eleni-Andriana Trigka, Marianna Stasinopoulou, Antigoni Stavridou, Argyro Zacharioudaki, Kalliopi Tsarea, Maria Karamperi, Theodoros Pittaras, Othon Papadopoulos, Efstratios Patsouris, Nikolaos Nikiteas, Georgios C. Zografos, Apostolos E. Papalois
Many strategies to address the clinical outcomes of IRI have been reported, including pharmacological treatment with free radical scavengers, prostaglandin inhibitors, anticoagulants, and glucocorticoids. Lazaroids, like U-74389G, are synthetic aminosteroids, without glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid activity, exerting lipid membrane peroxidation action and functioning as oxygen free radical scavengers [17–19]. The first experimental studies refer to the ischemic injury of the central nervous system in animal models [20]. Since then, researchers have studied the effect of lazaroids in numerous organs (e.g. lung, heart, and kidney) with conflicting results. Nevertheless, in most studies a positive effect of lazaroids on IRI has been established [21].
Overcoming diagnostic and treatment challenges in uveitic glaucoma
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2019
Erin R Sherman, Malinda Cafiero‐chin
Although true aetiology is unknown, many theories have been postulated. In 1977, Raita and Vannas1977 noted that four of their patients suffering from Posner–Schlossman syndrome also had a history of migraines. The idea of autonomic dysregulation was established and later described as vascular endothelial dysfunction. Supporting this theory, iris angiography shows intermittent ischaemic attacks during the prodromal normotensive phase. Vascular incompetence could lead to the release of prostaglandins and inflammatory components with a rise in IOP. Treatments during studies with prostaglandin inhibitors, oral indomethacin, and subconjunctival polyphloretin have shown to be effective in lowering IOP, without resolution of the inflammation.1993