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Rhubarb
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Gan B. Bajracharya, Richa K. Gupta
Flavonoids are especially deposited in the flowers, fruits, buds and bracts of rhubarb (Agarwal et al. 2001, Iwashina et al. 2004). Flavonoids are well known for their antioxidative properties. Anthocyanins such as cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (106), cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (107) and cyanin (108) were isolated from R. rhaponticum and R. tataricum (Wrolstad et al. 1968, 1971). (‒)-Epicatechin-3-O-gallate (110) increased glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, and renal blood flow in rats with adenine-induced renal failure (Yokozawa et al. 1993). Other tannins, procyanidin B-2-3,3′-di-O-gallate (137) increased renal functional parameters and procyanidin C-1-3,3′,3″-tri-O-gallate (150) caused aggravation of renal function. Strong antioxidative activity of (‒)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (110), equal to antiatherosclerotic agent probucol, was reported (Iizuka et al. 2004). Carpusin (155) and mesopsin (156) are reported as antioxidants (Krenn et al. 2004).
ENZOGENOL Pine Bark Extract
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Pulok K. Mukherjee, Natural Medicines, 2019
An excellent study on bioavailability of monomeric epicatechin, procyanidin dimer B1, and oligo/polymeric PACs (mean degree of polymerization 5.9) in humans has been published by Wiese and colleagues (Wiese et al. 2015). Epicatechin monomers and glucoronidated, sulphated and methylated forms were present in plasma. Procyanidin B1 was present in plasma in very low amounts and also in mono-methylated form. PACs were absent in plasma, hence not absorbable as intact oligo- and polymers. The major microbial metabolite, 5-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-valerolactone (DHPVL) was the dominant metabolite in blood and urine from all parent compounds; yet amounts varied largely between individuals as well as with the degree of polymerization of flavan-3-ols. Monomer units were not detectable in plasma or urine after procyanidin B1 and PAC intake.
Potential Therapeutic Uses of the Genus Cecropia as an Antihypertensive Herbal Medicinal Product
Published in Catherina Caballero-George, Natural Products and Cardiovascular Health, 2018
Mahabir Prashad Gupta, Orlando O. Ortiz, Andrés Rivera-Mondragón, Catherina Caballero-George
At a concentration of 0.33 mg/ml, the methanolic extracts of the leaves and the bark of C. hololeuca inhibited 40 ± 4% and 33 ± 3% the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), respectively. Major components within this extract were identified as orientin, isoorientin, (+)-catechin, (–)-epicatechin and two (–)-epicatechin-derived oligomeric procyanidins (procyanidin B2, procyanidin C1) chlorogenic and protocatechic acids (Lacaille-Dubois et al., 2001).
Effect of diet supplemented with African Star Apple Fruit Pulp on purinergic, cholinergic and monoaminergic enzymes, TNF-α expression and redox imbalance in the brain of hypertensive rats
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Tosin A. Olasehinde, Seun F. AKomolafe, Iyabo F. Oladapo, Sunday I. Oyeleye
African Star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) is one of the most common tropical fruit across West and Central Africa. It is orange or apricot in colour, with the pulp containing a sweet milky sap that is commonly consumed [1]. The different parts of the fruit are used medicinally as they are rich sources of phytochemicals. Erukainure et al. [2] reported the presence of caffeic acid, nicotinic acid, myricetin, 3 – methyl catechin, coumaric acid and ellagic acid 2- rhamnoside in the fruit. The fruit also contains gentisic acid, procyanidin B5, eleagnine, stigmasterol, epigallocatechin, catechin and beta-amyrin acetate [3]. These biologically active compounds contribute to the health-promoting effects of FP [4]. Some of these compounds are responsible for the antidiabetic properties, antioxidant activities and wound healing effects of FP. FP also reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure and proinflammatory biomarkers in hypertensive rats [5].
Extract of Pinus densiflora needles suppresses acute inflammation by regulating inflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 macrophages and mice
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Seul-Yong Jeong, Won Seok Choi, Oh Seong Kwon, Jong Seok Lee, Su Young Son, Choong Hwan Lee, Sarah Lee, Jin Yong Song, Yeon Jin Lee, Ji-Yun Lee
Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. (Pinaceae) (commonly known as the pine tree in South Korea) is widely distributed throughout Northeast Asia and accounts for 87% of Korean mountain plants. In East Asia, various parts of pine trees have been used in folk medicine and as dietary supplements (Kim and Chung 2000). Recent studies have shown the antioxidant effect of P. densiflora based on a superior reduction of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical compared to α-tocopherol (Jiang et al. 2012) that is attributable to high concentrations of pro-anthocyanidins, such as procyanidin, B1, B3, B7 and catechins (Park et al. 2011). Furthermore, P. densiflora needle extract (PINE) contains subgroups of flavonoids, such as flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol) and flavanonols (taxifolin), which exhibit considerable antibacterial and antioxidant effects (Xie et al. 2015). However, antioxidant therapy alone is unlikely to prevent diseases induced by oxidative stress, such as cardiovascular and diabetes-related complications, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer or ageing, due to the complexity of the relationship between inflammation and oxidative stress (Biswas 2016). Therefore, it is necessary to simultaneously study the effects of PINE on oxidative stress and inflammation to elucidate the effects of PINE on oxidative stress- and inflammation-related diseases. Furthermore, to date, few studies have investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of P. densiflora.
Mexican hawthorn (Crataegus gracilior J. B. Phipps) stems and leaves induce cell death on breast cancer cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Juan Maldonado-Cubas, Exsal M. Albores-Méndez, Eduardo San Martín-Martínez, Cinthya N. Quiroz-Reyes, Gerardo E. González-Córdova, Rocio G. Casañas-Pimentel
Using HPLC analysis, we evaluated the presence of cytotoxic compounds previously reported in C. gracilior, including (+)-catechin, quercitin, kaempferol, ursolic acid, and chlorogenic acid (11), and the presence of cytotoxic compounds described in other Crataegus species (eg., oligomeric proanthocyanidins (procyanidin B1 and procyanidin B2, vitexine-2-O-rhamnoside, and hyperoside) (5). For HPLC analysis, 65 mg of the extract were dissolved in 2 mL of a methanolic solution (95:5 MeOH/H2O). Subsequently, the solution was sonicated in an ultrasonic bath for 10 min, (45 kHz), and the precipitate and supernatant were separated by centrifugation at 15,294 × g for 15 min at room temperature (25 °C). The supernatant was then analyzed by HPLC.