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Metals
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Anirudh J. Chintalapati, Frank A. Barile
Chronic As toxicity occurring from environmental exposures and occupational settings causes changes in skin pigmentation, exemplified as hyper/hypopigmentation, plantar and palmar hyperkeratosis, and Bowen’s disease. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are less common than with acute exposure. In patients treated with Fowler’s solution, which contains potassium arsenite, noncirrhotic portal hypertension has been demonstrated. Aplastic anemia, leucopenia, Raynaud’s phenomena, and agranulocytosis are commonly reported in victims exposed for prolonged periods. Obstructive and restrictive lung disease, as well as peripheral neuropathies, has also been reported with chronic interaction with the metal (Axelson et al., 1978).
The history of psoriasis
Published in M. Alan Menter, Caitriona Ryan, Psoriasis, 2017
M. Alan Menter, Bobbak Mansouri
Arsenic: For centuries arsenic was used to treat psoriasis and other skin diseases with historical records showing its use as far back as Hippocrates. Thomas Fowler developed a treatment that was a solution of potassium arsenite compounded with a tincture of lavender for color and taste. Known as “Fowler's Solution,” it was “peer reviewed” by Thomas Girdlestone in a paper entitled “Observations on the effects of Dr. Fowler's Mineral Solution in Lepra and Other Diseases.” Arsenic was actually still used in the treatment of psoriasis as recently as the 1950s.
Molecular Targets Other than BCR-ABL: How to Incorporate them into the CML Therapy?
Published in Jorge Cortes, Michael Deininger, Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, 2006
V. Melo Junia, J. Barnes David
Arsenic compounds are some of the oldest treatments for leukemia. Potassium arsenite, Fowler’s solution, was used to treat leukemia patients in the 19th and early 20th centuries and some impressive clinical responses were achieved (53). Arsenic trioxide (As2O3, Trisenox®; Cell Therapeutics, Inc., Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.) has been demonstrated to induce apoptosis in Bcr-Abl-positive but not negative lymphoid cell lines and to reduce the proliferation of CML blasts but not of peripheral CD34+ progenitors (53). Apoptosis induced in CML cell lines was found to be associated with the cytosolic accumulation of cytochrome c and pre-apoptotic mitochondrial events, such as the loss of inner membrane potential and an increase in ROS (54). Recently it has been shown that As2O3 induced apoptosis occurs via the endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated pathway of cell apoptosis (55). It has also been reported that As2O3 treatment of CML cell lines inhibits the translation of BCR-ABL mRNA leading to attenuation of cellular levels of the onco-protein (56). In the in vitro studies, the combination of As2O3 with imatinib was found to induce additive to synergistic inhibition of the growth of Bcr-Abl-expressing cell lines (57), and to induce cell death in imatinib-resistant cell lines, which overexpressed Bcr-Abl or had the M351T or Y253F, but not the T315I, Abl-kinase domain mutations (40). This latter finding suggests that the combination of imatinib with As2O3 may only be of clinical benefit if the mechanism of imatinib-resistance is still susceptible to dose escalation of imatinib-monotherapy (40). Hence, there is renewed interest in the potential of arsenic compounds for the treatment of CML but in a novel context of agents that can be combined with other drugs to yield synergistic effects.
Arsenic trioxide in pediatric cancer – a case series and review of literature
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2021
Michael Abele, Sara-Lena Müller, Sabine Schleicher, Ulrike Hartmann, Michaela Döring, Manon Queudeville, Peter Lang, Rupert Handgretinger, Martin Ebinger
While arsenic preparations have been used for over 2000 years in the treatment of various diseases, first reports of an anti-leukemic effect of arsenic trioxide were published in the late 19th century.1 A solution of potassium arsenite became the standard treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).2 In the latter years new chemotherapeutic agents were developed, which led to replacement of arsenic.3 In 1992 a solution containing ATO caused complete remission (CR) in 21 of 32 patients with APL.4 Consecutive studies underlined the efficacy of ATO in APL treatment.5,6 These trials led to the addition of ATO in APL therapy protocols and further research regarding ATO in cancer treatment.