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Immunization
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Michael F. Para, Susan L. Koletar, Carter L. Diggs
If a vaccine is to prove useful, the immune response to it must be appropriate to control the disease caused by the pathogen. One must select an antigen with antigenic sites which are present on the pathogen to be controlled. In some cases a single antigen is sufficient. For example, the hepatitis B vaccine includes only a single antigen but it has an epitope which is shared by all hepatitis B viruses. In other cases it is necessary for the vaccine to include multiple immunogens representative of antigens in many strains of the organism. This is the case with the pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccines which induce opsonizing antibodies specifically directed against each of the various polysaccharides included in the vaccine. The currently available pneumococcal vaccine includes capsular antigens from twenty-three pathogenic serotypes of the organism and thus induces protection against all of the bacterial strains that provided antigen for the vaccine.
Chest
Published in Henry J. Woodford, Essential Geriatrics, 2022
Smoking cessation is important, at any age. Nicotine replacement, varenicline or bupropion can be offered to smokers who want to quit.28 The role of electronic cigarettes is uncertain. Continuing smoking increases the risk of COPD exacerbations through increased mucous viscosity and bacterial adhesions. People who manage to stop smoking have a rate of lung function decline that is half that of continued smokers.31 Yet smoking cessation advice is less often given to older people.32 Influenza vaccination can reduce the number of COPD exacerbations.33 Pneumococcal vaccine can reduce the incidence of pneumonia.34
Respiratory Diseases
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Aref T. Senno, Ryan K. Brannon
Pneumococcal vaccine prevents 71% of cases of CAP and 32% of related mortality in non-pregnant adults [41]. For details on recommended pneumococcal and influenza vaccines, seeChapter 40.
Serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae and pneumococcal vaccine coverage in adults in Turkey between 2015 and 2018
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Gulsen Hascelik, Guner Soyletir, Zeynep Gulay, Banu Sancak, Akgun Yaman, Nezahat Gurler, Sabire Sohret Aydemir, Gulcin Bayramoglu, Faruk Aydin, Yesim Cekin, Asuman Birinci, Cuneyt Ozakin, Nezahat Akpolat, Betil Ozhak Baysan, Meral Gultekin, Yasemin Zer, Laser Sanal, Cigdem Arabaci, Yasemin Ay Altintop, Candan Ozturk, Mehmet Ceyhan
Pneumococcal vaccines can efficiently protect individuals from pneumococcal diseases and further antibiotic resistance. These vaccines are also recommended by the World Health Organization, especially for vulnerable groups like children and elderly. Currently, the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) and the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) are available in Turkey. The National Immunization Programme (NIP) incorporated the 7-valent PCV for children in November 2008, which was replaced with PCV13 in April 2011 [5,12]. Childhood vaccination programme is conducted by the family practitioners and followed by negative performance system by the Ministry of Health [13]. Moreover, risk groups among individuals between 18 and 65 years of age and all adults over 65 years of age have been included in the immunization programme since 2016; all receive PCV13 free-of-charge at immunization centres, and high-risk groups receive PPV23 by reimbursement [14]. The adult vaccination programme is not part of the family physician performance system. As a result, childhood vaccination rate was reported as 97% [15], while the rate of adult vaccination was below 9.91% [16].
Pneumococcal vaccination coverage among US adults enrolled in Medicaid and newly diagnosed with underlying medical conditions
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2023
Junqing Liu, Kelly D. Johnson, Linda Shoener Dunham
A total of 11,385 adults (10.5% of the study population) received a pneumococcal vaccine during the follow-up period (Table 1). The overall vaccination rate ranged from 4.1% among adults with 1 year of follow-up data available to 19.4% among those with 10 years of follow-up (Table 2 & Figure 2). Adults initially diagnosed with HIV/AIDS had the highest rate of pneumococcal vaccination (37.2%), followed by those initially diagnosed with chronic renal disease (16.7%) or diabetes mellitus (14.3%; Table 1). The pneumococcal vaccination rate was lowest among adults initially diagnosed with tobacco dependence (7.3%), alcohol dependence (8.7%), or cancer (10.2%). The overall mean time interval between initial diagnosis and subsequent pneumococcal vaccination was 3.9 (SD = 2.6) years and ranged from 2.9 (SD = 2.6) years for adults initially diagnosed with HIV/AIDS to 4.4 (SD = 3.0) years for those initially diagnosed with asplenia (Table A2, Appendix).
Lung penetration and pneumococcal target binding of antibiotics in lower respiratory tract infection
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2022
Phong Thi Nam Nguyen, Nho Van Le, Hanh Minh Nguyen Dinh, Bao Quoc Phan Nguyen, Thi Van Anh Nguyen
LRTI can cause a burden on the healthcare system. The use of antibiotics can decrease the consequences of diseases but also develop antibiotic resistance, leading to the reduction of therapeutic option. Effective vaccines could help to reduce the infection rates as well as its complications, especially in the vulnerable population, such as young children and the elderly. Vaccine prevention of pneumococcal disease is considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a priority in both industrialized and developing countries101. In the United States, the CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) has recommended the pneumococcal vaccines for children younger than 5 years old and all adults 65 years or older. Other children and adults should also get pneumococcal vaccines in certain situations105,106. There are two types of pneumococcal vaccines, conjugate and polysaccharide vaccine, which are both effective against infections caused by pneumococcus, including the multi-resistant strains. Besides, the pneumococcal vaccines were also reported to reduce the carriage rates of S. pneumoniae in children’s nasopharynx107. Vaccinations against streptococcus pneumoniae are also recommended by the European League Against Rheumatisms (EULAR) guidelines on vaccination108.