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Chest
Published in Henry J. Woodford, Essential Geriatrics, 2022
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (available as seven-valent and 23-valent versions) has been developed for the prevention of pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae. A Cochrane review found evidence of a benefit in reducing invasive pneumococcal disease but neither pneumonia nor mortality.14 Some studies have suggested a benefit in older people. A Japanese study did find that a 23-valent vaccine, compared to placebo, significantly reduced rates of pneumococcal pneumonia (2.8% v 7.3%) and related deaths (0% v 35%) in nursing home residents.15 Also, a study associated a fall in hospital admissions for pneumonia with the introduction of a vaccination programme, and the greatest benefits were seen in those aged over 85 years.16In the UK, people over the age of 65 without relevant co-morbidities are advised to have a one-off pneumococcal immunisation. Repeat injections are recommended five-yearly for those with splenectomy or chronic kidney disease. In addition, influenza vaccination may reduce the risk of secondary bacterial pneumonia (see page 406).
Meningitis
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
The majority of community acquired bacterial meningitis cases are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis. Haemophilus influenzae has become a much less frequent cause since the introduction of the H. influenzae type b conjugate vaccines. The overall efficacy of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine against pneumococcal meningitis is about 50%. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B) and Escherichia coli are the main causes of neonatal meningitis. Listeria monocytogenes can be seen in patients aged 50 years or older. Its incidence is decreasing, presumably due to better awareness, increased hygiene and a decrease in food contamination.
Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Sunkaru Touray, Emil Tigas, Nicholas A. Smyrnios
Age-appropriate pneumococcal vaccination should be offered to all patients in accordance with established guidelines. The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23, Pneumovax) is recommended for patients under age 65 years; while the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13, Prevnar) is recommended for patients aged 65 years and older.21
Strategies to increase access to basic sickle cell disease care in low- and middle-income countries
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2022
Meghna Dua, Halima Bello-Manga, Yvonne M. Carroll, Aisha Amal Galadanci, Umma Abdulsalam Ibrahim, Allison A. King, Ayobami Olanrewaju, Jeremie H. Estepp
The incidence of bacterial infections can be reduced by penicillin prophylaxis and vaccinations against encapsulated organisms. The introduction of the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine has markedly reduced the risk of invasive pneumococcal infections in children with SCD receiving daily prophylactic penicillin [52,53]. The heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) introduced in the year 2000 led to a further 70% reduction in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal infections [54], while the 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) vaccine introduced in 2010 also decreased the incidence of serious pneumococcal infections among a large cohort of patients with SCD in North America [54,55]. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) vaccine are both administered during early infancy under the Expanded Program on Immunization in African countries [8,56]. In 2012, Nigeria joined other African countries to launch the Pentavalent vaccine (which contains the Hib vaccine) and in 2014, the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) was also launched as part of its routine immunization schedule. Before the launch of the immunization program, few families could afford to vaccinate their children.
Vaccination and their importance for lung transplant recipients in a COVID-19 world
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Samantha Scharringa, Thijs Hoffman, Diana A. van Kessel, Ger T. Rijkers
Limited literature is available regarding the relationship between dexamethasone use and vaccine response, however, combination therapy including dexamethasone has been reported to severely impair response to the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine [13]. For corticosteroids as a whole, its use has been linked to poorer response toward the hepatitis B vaccine but was linked to improved seroprotection rates against H3N2 influenza [18,19]. With regards to the effects of corticosteroids on vaccine response, the available data presented are difficult to interpret given that a proportion of the studied populations often receive a combination of immunosuppressive medications, which may also include corticosteroids. Moreover, the studies mentioned often include non-lung transplant patients, making it difficult to generalize these results.
Acute Chest Syndrome in Sickle Cell Disease: Clinical Presentation and Outcomes. The Experience of a Single Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Unit in a University Hospital
Published in Hemoglobin, 2021
Sophia Delicou, Konstantina Aggeli, Konstantinos Magganas, Dimitrios Patsourakos, Aikaterini Xydaki, John Koskinas
The patient who developed S. Pneumoniae was vaccinated with the 14-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide but not the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV), which highlights the need to administer both vaccines to patients with sickle cell disease [8]. The patient who also developed H. Influenzae pneumonia had not been previously vaccinated. On admission, all patients were empirically treated with antibiotics, and then, according to the culture sensitivity. The patients who developed H1N1 flu had been vaccinated for seasonal flu with quadrivalent vaccine. However, vaccination in patients with sickle cell disease is considered mandatory for seasonal flu and H. Influenza. These vaccinations significantly reduce the incidence of pneumonia and its potentially severe complications, such as ACS [9,10].