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Seaweeds
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
L. Stanley Abraham, Vasantharaja Raguraman, R. Thirugnanasambandam, K. M. Smitha, D. Inbakandan, P. Premasudha
Plastoquinones are quinone class of compounds mostly isolated from brown seaweeds, involved in light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis (Aikaterini et al. 2018). Mori et al. (2006) extracted three different types of plastoquinones from Sargassum micracanthum and evaluated their anti-ulcer effect. Gil et al. (1995) observed the anti-inflammatory activity of epitaondiol, and Areche et al. (2015) evaluated the gastroprotective property of the meroterpenoid seco-taondiol from the brown seaweed Stypopodium flabelliforme (Aikaterini et al. 2018).
Marine-Algal Bioactive Compounds
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Iahtisham Ul-Haq, Masood Sadiq Butt, Natasha Amjad, Iqra Yasmin, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria
It has further been studied that methanolic extract of red seaweed (Corallina pilulifera) possesses significant photoprotective agents which protects DNA from UV-A induced oxidative stress alongside inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases (Pallela et al. 2010). Similarly, naturally occurring photoprotective ingredients from algae (E. cava, C. pelulifera and P. rosengurttii) have also been reported by Saewan and Jimtaisong (2015). These compounds include plastoquinones, sargachromenol, fucoxanthins, astaxanthins, dieckol and phlorotannins (Saewan and Jimtaisong 2015).
Cardiovascular Disease and Oxidative Stress
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Marco Fernandes, Alisha Patel, Holger Husi
Other mitochondria-targeting drugs, such as derivatives of triphenylphosphonium (TPP+) (Leo et al., 2008) and resembling MitoQ’s mode of action, include MitoE (conjugating α-tocopherol i.e. vitamin E with TPP+) (26447154) and MitoTEMPOL, a piperidine nitroxides derivative(Trnka et al., 2009) that promotes recovery in sepsis induced by acute kidney injury (AKI) in rat models (Sims et al., 2014). SkQ1, a cationic plastoquinone derivative (Antonenko et al., 2008), also known as Visomitin, has shown effective protection to corneal damage in a multicentre clinical trial (Brzheskiy et al., 2015), and promising use against age-associated cardiomyopathy in mice (Manskikh et al., 2015).
Atrazine neural and reproductive toxicity
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Hamidreza Sadeghnia, Sara Shahba, Alireza Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan, Shabnam Mohammadi, Amir Mohammad Malvandi, Abbas Mohammadipour
Today, herbicides are among the world's leading environmental pollutants contaminating ecosystems. Atrazine is one of the oldest (introduced in 1957) and the most overly used herbicide worldwide and extensively used to control grasses and broad-leaved weeds (Fang et al. 2018). This herbicide belongs to the family of 6-chloro-s-triazine herbicides and functions by binding to the plastoquinone binding protein in photosystem II, which results in starvation and oxidative damage and, finally, plant death (Demirci et al. 2018). Atrazine's chemical structure is stable and has low chemical reactivity. Thereby, it can persist in the soil, resulting in its accumulation in ground and surface water (Frank and Sirons 1985). This widely used herbicide is traceable at 21 ppb in groundwater, 42 ppb in surface water, 102 ppb in rivers adjacent to agricultural fields, and up to 224 ppb in Midwestern streams (Foradori et al. 2009, Houjuan et al. 2015).
Erythema multiforme following exposure to the herbicide atrazine
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Madeline Frizzell, Nhan M. Nguyen, Sonal A. Parikh, Maya Sinai, Leonard Goldberg
Atrazine is a triazine drug, belonging to a class of nitrogen-containing heterocycles. It works by binding to plastoquinone-binding protein in photosystem II, a protein that animals lack, and thereby inhibiting the electron transport process.9 The plant dies as a result of photosynthesis inhibition.9 A study to assess the percutaneous absorption of atrazine in human skin found that 16.4% of the applied dose was absorbed, indicating its permeability potential.10 Many anticonvulsants also contain aromatic amine structures like atrazine and are well-known causes of erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Lamotrigine, phenytoin, and carbamazepine all contain aromatic amine groups, which have been more commonly related than others to the development of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.11 However, the relationship between the aromatic amine structure and the development of these hypersensitivity disorders is not understood.11
Emerging medical therapies in crush syndrome – progress report from basic sciences and potential future avenues
Published in Renal Failure, 2020
Ning Li, Xinyue Wang, Pengtao Wang, Haojun Fan, Shike Hou, Yanhua Gong
Koyner et al. [17] found that oxidative stress is critical for inducing acute kidney injury by rhabdomyolysis and ischemia/reperfusion, and that mitochondria are the source and target of excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Plotnikov et al. [18] found a mitochondria-targeted compound which is a combination of positively charged rhodamine and plastoquinone (SkQR1) that can reduce acute kidney injury in the rat model. The mitochondria-targeted anti-oxidant SkQR1 can induce some components of the renal protective pathway; it can increase the expression of erythropoietin and phosphorylate glycogen synthase kinase 3β in the kidney, which has direct anti-oxidant effects and can induce activation of the ischemic pre-processing signal pathway. Plotnikov et al. [19] also found that in addition to the direct anti-oxidant effects, SkQR1 also up-regulates protective signaling mechanisms. In other words, it not only protects the kidneys in the rat model of rhabdomyolysis, but also provides protection to the heart and brain. Therefore, the antioxidant treatment of CS patients is a very valuable research direction.