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Natural Products from the Amazon Region as Potential Antimicrobials
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Josiane E. A. Silva, Iasmin L. D. Paranatinga, Elaine C. P. Oliveira, Silvia K. S. Escher, Ananda S. Antonio, Leandro S. Nascimento, Patricia P. Orlandi, Valdir F. Veiga-Júnior
Essential oils are natural aromatic mixtures, formed by volatile substances, that have different functions for the plants that produce them. Communication between species is the main function of the volatile constituents of plants, whether it is the attraction of pollinators, or to repel or deter predators. When the volatile constituents of plants are extracted by steam distillation techniques, it is said that an EO has been obtained. Otherwise, with the use of other technologies, such as infusion in water or maceration in organic solvents, a plant extract is obtained (sometimes, aromatic extracts). EOs are very lipophilic mixtures, often soluble in ethanol, but not in water. The lipophilic characteristic gives rise to its biological activities as it can interact with the lipid membrane of microorganisms.
Green Metal-Based Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Medicinal Plants and Plant Phytochemicals against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Published in Richard L. K. Glover, Daniel Nyanganyura, Rofhiwa Bridget Mulaudzi, Maluta Steven Mufamadi, Green Synthesis in Nanomedicine and Human Health, 2021
Abeer Ahmed Qaed Ahmed, Lin Xiao, Tracey Jill Morton McKay, Guang Yang
The preparation of plant extract is the first step in green synthesis of NPs (Fig. 10.1). The whole plant or parts of the plants should be collected from the designated area and thoroughly washed (several times) with tap water to remove all visible dirt, soil and dead tissue. Plant materials must then be washed with sterile distilled water. Further shade or sunlight drying for up to 20 days is required (Abbasi et al., 2020). Alternatively, several hours of oven drying at high temperatures are also required (Suresh et al., 2018). The dry plant materials should be powdered using a blender. Store plant powder in a dry airtight container until needed. Plant extract is prepared as required. For instance, if aqueous extract is needed, dried plant powder (around 1–10 g) can be boiled with a suitable volume of deionized distilled water (20–100 ml) at 70°C for 10 minutes. The obtained infusion is then filtered with Whatman filter paper until all insoluble materials are removed. The filtrate can be stored at 4°C until required (Ahmad et al., 2016; Iqbal et al., 2020). Other plant extracts such as ethyl acetate, chloroform, methanol and hexane extracts are prepared according to the literature (Manubolu et al., 2013; Elango and Roopan, 2015).
Antiprotozoal Effects of Wild Plants
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Muhammad Subbayyal Akram, Rao Zahid Abbas, José L. Martinez
Potential of plant extract is due to secondary metabolites which are Alkaloids, Anthraquinone, Cardiac glycosides, Flavonoid, Phenol, Phlobatannin, Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, Reducing sugar, Saponin, Steroids, Tannin, Terpenoid, Volatile oil and many more (Sasidharan et al. 2011). For the extraction from the plants, various methods are used including Soxhlet extraction, Sonification, and maceration. Methanol, ethanol and sometimes a mixture of alcohol and water are used as solvents in all these methods (Zygmunt and Namiesnik 2003, Phrompittayarat et al. 2007). After extraction of plants material, different methods such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography, flash chromatography, immunoassay, phytochemical screening assay, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and many more (Sasidharan et al. 2011) are used to evaluate how many compounds or secondary metabolites are present in the extract.
Hepatoprotective potentials of methanolic extracts of Roselle and beetroots against carbon tetrachloride and Escherichia coli induced stress in Wistar rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Kolawole Banwo, Samuel Oduola, Micheal Alao, Abiodun Sanni
Total phenolic and flavonoid contents can be used as chemical markers for assessing the antioxidant potentials of Roselle and beetroot extracts [3]. Roselle extract had higher phenolic and flavonoid contents than the beetroot extract. Although both extracts demonstrated in vitro antioxidant activities, Roselle extract had better antioxidant potential than the beetroot extract. This may be because of higher phenolic contents of Roselle as compared to that of beetroot or possession of different structural polyphenol phytochemicals by the Roselle extract [3,36]. In addition, Tsai et al. [37] correlated the antioxidant activity of Roselle extracts to their anthocyanin contents, while Falade et al. [38] indicated that Roselle possessed high ascorbic acid content, which is a well-known natural antioxidant and excellent reducing agent. The antioxidant potentials of beetroot are dependent on the concentration of the phenolic compounds it possesses. The phenolic compounds in plant extract are more associated with biomolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, terpenes, chlorophyll, lipids and inorganic compounds [6].
Methanol extracts of Teucrium arduini L. and Teucrium flavum L. induce protective effect against mitomycin C in human lymphocytes in vitro
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Aleksandra Marković, Jovana Tubić Vukajlović, Darko Grujičić, Marina Radović Jakovljević, Milan Stanković, Katarina Djordjević, Ninoslav Djelić, Milena Radaković, Olivera Milošević-Djordjević
Due to their importance in plants and human health, it would be useful to have a better understanding of flavonoid concentration and biological activities that could indicate their potentials as therapeutic agents. Phenolic acids and flavonoids also function as reducing agents, free radical scavengers, and quenchers of singlet oxygen formation. In addition, flavonoids and phenolic acids components play important roles in the control of cancer and other human diseases (Taroq et al.2018, Martelli and Giacomini 2018, Tungmunnithum et al.2018). Considering that the plant extract is a mixture of natural compounds, their different biological effects (antioxidant, antimicrobial, antigenotoxic, antimutagenic and anticancer) are not only the result of different activities of individual components but may also be the result of their interactions. The biological effects of the extracts may be the result of synergistic effects of several polyphenolic compounds (Romero-Jimenez et al.2005, Stagos et al.2007).
Chemical composition and broad-spectrum anthelmintic activity of a cultivar of toothache plant, Acmella oleracea, from Mizoram, India
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Pawi Bawitlung Lalthanpuii, Kholhring Lalchhandama
Among well-established medicinal plants, Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen (Asteraceae) is interesting because of its multifaceted applications in traditional medicines and cuisines (Abeysiri et al. 2013). The common name, toothache plant, is given owing to its practical usage in dental health care. It is commonly consumed either cooked or raw as a vegetable or used as food seasoning because of its unique menthol-like minty flavour (Paulraj et al. 2013). It is used in the treatment of anaemia, cancer, constipation, diuresis, fever, flatulence, inflammation, liver abscess, peptic ulcer, and ulcer (Dubey et al. 2013). It is also used in severe malaria cases and has been shown to be effective on malarial parasites (Spelman et al. 2011). In addition, it is known in Indian medicine as an aphrodisiac and is used as a therapy for impotency. It is also used for treating articular rheumatism, dysentery, snakebite, and tuberculosis (Prachayasittikul et al. 2013). The plant extract has been successfully tested for anti-inflammatory (Kim et al. 2018), analgesic, antipyretic (Chakraborty et al. 2010), antimicrobial, antioxidant (Savadi et al. 2010), and insecticidal activities (Simas et al. 2013).