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Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Morales-Briceno Hugo, Victor S.C. Fung, Annu Aggarwal, Philip Thompson
Adverse effects of anticonvulsants used in the treatment of action myoclonus: Valproate: sedation, weight gain, hair loss, tremor, hepatotoxicity. Women of childbearing age should be counseled about the increased risk of fetal malformation if taken during pregnancy. Valproate is contraindicated in mitochondrial cytopathies.Levetiracetam: sedation (less than valproate), fatigue, dizziness, behavioral change.Clonazepam: sedation, depression, fatigue, habituation.Piracetam: sedation, diarrhea, weight gain, depression. Drug of choice in postanoxic action myoclonus.
Dyslexia and Irregular Dynamics of the Visual System
Published in Kees P. van den Bos, Linda S. Siegel, Dirk J. Bakker, David L. Share, Current Directions in Dyslexia Research, 2020
The model predicts improvement from drugs which speed up the dominant frequency of the EEG that is considered an artifact of the eigen frequency of interacting neural populations. For instance the anti depressant Imipramine exhibits this poperty of speeding up the EEG (Stumpf & Gogolák, 1987). The immediate effect of drugs prescribed for the improvement of dyslexia on the functioning of the position module can be assessed by the oddball paradigm. Improvement should show up in a shifted point of bifurcation in reaction times in the direction of higher frequencies. It seems interesting to test the effect of Piracetam (Wilsher this volume) with the oddball paradigm. Piracetam is chemically related to the neurotransmitter Gamma-Amino-Buturic-Acid (Washer, Atkins & Manfield, 1985). GABA possibly plays a role in the transient part of the visual system (Koch & Poggio, 1987). GABA coexists with Somatostatine in the visual system and both transmitters might interact, which could explain eventual beneficial effects of Piracetam. However, such an interaction remains to be demonstrated (Silito, 1987).
Piracetam
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
Piracetam (2-oxo-l-pyrrolidine-acetamide) is a pyrrolidinone and a cyclic analog of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (see structure). Developed as a “nootropic” (cognition-enhancing) agent, piracetam is available by prescription in Europe, Africa, Central America, and South America under the trade name Nootropil. Its principal use so far has been in persons with senile dementia (1) or in children with dyslexia (2). Its place in epileptology would likely be in treating patients who have associated myoclonus.
The translocator protein ligands as mitochondrial functional modulators for the potential anti-Alzheimer agents
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2021
TaeHun Kim, Mohammad N. Morshed, Ashwini M. Londhe, Ji W. Lim, Ha E. Lee, Suengmok Cho, Sung J. Cho, Hayoung Hwang, Sang M. Lim, Jae Y. Lee, Jiyoun Lee, Ae N. Pae
We evaluated in vivo activity of 7 and 14 in an acute AD mouse model. The acute AD model mice were generated by the administration of Aβ1-42 peptide (500 pmol) according to the previously reported method28, and each compound (30 mg/kg daily) was administered intraperitoneally for 6 days. Piracetam (30 mg/kg daily) was also administered in parallel for comparison. The Y-maze spontaneous alternation tests were performed to measure the recovery of learning and memory deficit in acute AD model mice38,39. After 6 days of administration, we found that compound 7 alleviated spatial learning and memory deficits significantly, restoring 76% of Aβ-induced memory impairments in acute AD model mice (Figure 4). In contrast, compound 14 did not show any comparable activity, and the piracetam-treated mice only recovered 20% of spatial learning and memory deficits. We believe that the treatment of 7 was beneficial for ameliorating Aβ-induced cognitive impairments.
Mercurius solubilis attenuates scopolamine-induced memory deficits and enhances the motor coordination in mice
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2018
Simranjeet Kaur, Anudeep Kaur, Gurjit Singh, Rajbir Bhatti
Merc sol solubilis is a homeopathic formulation that is prepared by treating mercury with nitric acid and triturating the resultant precipitate till it is soluble. This is followed by several dilutions till no trace of the starting material remains through dynamization [9]. It is used in homeopathy for a variety of ailments such as otitis media [27] and inflammatory condition [10]. Merc sol is also documented to be used in treating the infection of the nerves such as leprosy [11] and neuralgias [8]. So far, there are no studies documenting the effect of merc sol on cognitive function. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of merc sol on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Scopolamine-induced memory impairment is a standard model to study the drugs affecting learning and memory [28]. Scopolamine is documented to inhibit the binding of acetylcholine to muscarinic receptors and lead to deleterious changes in the hippocampus that affects learning and memory [29] and scopolamine also induces motor in-cordination as reported in different experimental studies [30,31]. Studies have revealed that scopolamine increases the oxidative stress in amnesic rodent brain as evidenced by increase in brain malonaldehyde and decreased reduced glutathione level in rodents [32]. Piracetam is a clinically used nootropic agent and is proposed to act through multiple pathways including dopaminergic, glutamatergic and serotonergic signaling [33]. In the current study, piracetam has been used as a standard drug.
Brivaracetam efficacy and safety in focal epilepsy
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2019
Yamane Makke, Bassel Abou-Khalil
The racetams are a group of small molecules that have a 5-carbon oxopyrrolidone ring. They include several compounds, with piracetam as the parent drug. Piracetam was initially developed as a nootropic agent to improve cognitive functions [12]. LEV is an S-enantiomer of the ethyl analog of piracetam, developed by UCB pharma in 1974 with a goal to find a newer nootropic agent [13]. LEV did not have cognitive-enhancing effects, but it had antiepileptic activity. It lessened seizures in genetically sound-sensitive mouse models and was effective in controlling seizures in chronic epilepsy animal models, while it was ineffective in acute seizure models of normal animals, traditionally used to screen compounds for antiepileptic activity [13–15].