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Inorganic Chemical Pollutants
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Phosphorus does not occur in nature as an element since it is very reactive. It occurs as rock phosphate (Figure 4.21). Phosphorus compounds are necessary for plant and animal metabolism. Therefore, they are used in many fertilizers. Phosphorus is used in the manufacture of matches and detergents. It is also used in the preparation of fungicides, pesticides, and insecticides in the form of phosphorus pentasulfide. Phosphorus is also used in toothpastes, flame retardants in textiles, acidifying agents for beverages (soft drinks), and dyeing agents for gases (as a base for making dyes). It is used as an intermediate in preparing phosphate esters used as plasticizers and additives for motor fuels, and it is a catalyst for surface treatment of metals. We have seen excess phosphorus compounds exacerbate chemical sensitivity. This type exposure is particularly devastating when they are organophosphate insecticides that can induce chemical sensitivity. Phosphorus will become trapped in the phosphorus pool of the body causing the formation of more toxic substances. It must be emphasized that intercellular phosphorylation of Ca2+ entering the nerve and vascular cell can combine with protein kinase A and C and cause hypersensitivity up to 1000 times. This hypersensitivity is extremely important in cellular response to numerous actions, including NMDA and TRPV1, TRPA, TRPM8 reactions.
Synthesis and characterization of amphiphilic star-shaped copolymers based on β-cyclodextrin for micelles drug delivery
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Jieqiong Lv, Runcheng Liang, Zihua Xia, Yong Li, Zhufen Lv, Dongzhi Hou, Liping Yu, Gang Chen, Yi Liu, Fan Yang
Vinpocetine (purity ≥99%) was purchased from Northeast Pharmaceutical Technology Development Co., Ltd. (Shenyang, China). β-cyclodextrin (β-CD, purity ≥98%), phosphorus pentasulfide (P4S10) and N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Acrylic acid (AA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), acryloyl chloride, 4-methoxybenzoic acid (MBA, purity ≥98%), sodium dodecyl sulfate, azodiisobutyronitrile (AIBN, with ≥99% purity), potassium hydroxide (KOH), acryloyl chloride (purity ≥96%) and pyrene (purity ≥99%) were obtained from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Methanol and acetonitrile were from Merck. N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP, purity ≥99%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Co., LLC. Diethylene dioxide and triethylamine (TEA) were obtained from Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory. Dialysis membranes (molecular weight cut off (MWCO) = 3500 and 7000) were purchased from Spectrum Laboratories (Tokyo, Japan).