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Microbial Pathways of Lipid A Biosynthesis
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Paul D. Rick, Christian R. H. Raetz
The biosynthetic origins of the 4-aminoarabinose and the ethanolamine phosphate groups are unknown. The phosphoethanolamine might be derived from phosphatidylethanolamine (136). The 4-aminoarabinose might be synthesized from UDP-glucuronic acid, assuming that the pathways for the biosynthesis of UDP-xylose and UDP-l-arabinose in plants are a relevant precedent (137,138). No one has actually investigated the ability of UDP-glucuronic acid-deficient (ugd−) bacteria (139) to make 4-aminoarabinose.
Hypophosphatasia
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
Hypophosphatasia is a rare autosomal recessive disease. Its incidence has been estimated at one in 100,000 live births. The heterozygous state can usually be demonstrated by measuring the serum activity of alkaline phosphatase [3]. However, it often is impossible to distinguish carriers from patients on the basis of activity of alkaline phosphatase. Phosphoethanolamine excretion is increased in the urine of carriers. Variability and errors in the assay of alkaline phosphatase are so common that excretion of phosphoethanolamine is probably a more reliable method for the study of families. However, it is also true that all heterozygotes studied have not had increased phosphoethanolamine excretion, even in families in which some do, therefore, it is probably well to employ both assays in order to detect all of the heterozygotes in a family [2, 24].
Annexes
Published in Claude Leray, Dietary Lipids for Healthy Brain Function, 2017
Phospholipids are mostly glycerophospholipids; therefore, they contain one molecule of glycerol esterified with two fatty acids, most frequently different from each other, and a “head group.” This polar head group gives an originality to phospholipids; thus, for the most important, it is a phosphocholine for phosphatidylcholine, a phosphoserine for phosphatidylserine, and a phosphoethanolamine for phosphatidylethanolamine. They are the main lipid constituents of cellular membranes and are therefore present in all meats, but they also are in the form of fat depots in milk and egg yolk. Plants also contain these phospholipids, but their content remains low (up to 0.2%), greatly reducing their nutritional value except when consumed in the form of supplements prepared from seeds. Their interest lies in their polar head and their fatty acid content (Leray 2015).
Bone-targeted nanoplatform enables efficient modulation of bone tumor microenvironment for prostate cancer bone metastasis treatment
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Xiangyu Zhang, Qingbin Liu, Tingting Zhang, Pei Gao, Hui Wang, Lu Yao, Jingwen Huang, Shulong Jiang
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(polyethylene glycol)-2000]-COOH (DOPE-PEG2000-COOH), Cholesterol, disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), calcium chloride (CaCl2), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N0-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxylsuccinimide (NHS) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich; Docetaxel and alendronate were purchased from MedChemExpress LLC (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA). The siRNA used in this study was synthesized by Ruibo Biotechnology Inc. (Guangzhou, China). The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) kit, calcein/propidium iodide (PI) cell viability/cytotoxicity assay kit, cell cycle, and apoptosis analysis kit were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (Haimen, China). The primary LC3B antibody was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). The primary Bcl-2 antibody and cleaved caspase-3 antibody were obtained from Proteintech Group Inc. (Rosemont, IL, USA); the ERK, p-ERK, GRP78, P62 primary antibodies were purchased from the Cell Signaling Technology Inc. (CST Inc., Danvers, MA, USA). Human SHH enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (ab100639), mouse IL-6 ELISA kit (ab222503), and mouse RANKL ELISA kit (ab100749) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Oligo nucleotide primers used in this study for gene expression level detection were listed in Table 1. The TRAP/ALK stain kit was purchased from Wako (Osaka, Japan). The Alizarin Red S stain kit was purchased from Solarbio (Beijing, China). The LC3-RFP-GFP lentivirus was packaged in our lab according to standard procedure.
Role of Oxidative Stress and the Protective Effect of Fermented Papaya Preparation in Sickle Cell Disease
Published in Hemoglobin, 2022
Prashant P. Warang, Nikhil S. Shinde, Vinod D. Umare, Prajyot V. Deshmukh, Kanjaksha Ghosh, Manisha R. Madkaikar, Roshan B. Colah, Malay B. Mukherjee
Increased ROS levels destroy and alter lipid structure, leading to the formation of lipid peroxides. Therefore, determination of LP levels gives an idea of the extent of oxidative damage in the cells. In our study, lipophilic fluoresceinated phosphoethanolamine (fluor-DHPE) was used to monitor LP. As the peroxidation initiates, the fluorescence of the dye gets diminished upon reaction with peroxyl radicals. Untreated RBCs of sickle cell disease patients showed significantly more LP than normal individuals. On AAPH exposure, the fluorescence fluor-DHPE from both normal and sickled RBCs was reduced. When FPP-treated, both red cell types were exposed to AAPH, a significant rise in fluor-DHPE fluorescence was seen compared to that of untreated red cells exposed to AAPH. Earlier studies have shown that the oral administration of FFP for 4 weeks decreased the elevated lipid peroxide and increased superoxide dismutase activity in iron-induced epileptogenesis in rats [8]. Fermented papaya preparation (6 gm/d) supplementation for 12 weeks in patients with Hb E/β-thal prevented LP as well as reduced other oxidative stress markers [9].
Improving selective targeting to cancer-associated fibroblasts by modifying liposomes with arginine based materials
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Tanzeel Ur Rehman, Kaitlin M. Bratlie
Doxil® was the first liposomal formulation that the FDA approved in 1995, which uses doxorubicin (DOX) for chemotherapeutic treatment of various cancers [13–15]. The major side effect caused by DOX is cardiomyopathy; however, this can be significantly reduced using liposomal DOX while concurrently maintaining drug efficacy [16,17]. In addition to Doxil®, numerous other formulation of liposomes have been approved by the FDA. Furthermore, liposomes can be easily modified using different surface modifiers [18–20]. 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) are two FDA approved, commonly used phospholipids for liposomal-based carriers [21,22]. DOPE features a primary amine group present on its hydrophilic head, which allows modification through carbodiimide chemistry.