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Transformin Growth Factor-β
Published in Jason Kelley, Cytokines of the Lung, 2022
It can modulate procollagen production by both increasing cell number and modulating procollagen biosynthesis. It increases the transcription of procollagen, fibronectin, and other matrix genes, thereby resulting in the production of augmented amounts of these matrix proteins (Fine and Goldstein, 1987). Phorbol ester treatment inhibits procollagen I and III accumulation in human lung (Goldstein et al., 1990; Fine et al., 1990) and skin fibroblasts (Varga et al., 1987). Modulation of the intrapulmonary levels of TGF-β may account for many of the changes in procollagen synthesis that occur in pulmonary diseases associated with architectural remodeling. Simultaneous treatment of human fibroblasts with both IFN-γ and TGF-β decreases the procollagen production induced by TGF-β alone (Narayanan et al., 1989; Kähäri et al., 1990).
Nontoxic RsDPLA As a Potent Antagonist of Toxic Lipopolysaccharide
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Nilofer Qureshi, Bruce W. Jarvis, Kuni Takayama
Upon activation of 70Z/3 cells by toxic LPS, the NF-kB complex dissociates from the IkB subunit (a and P) and migrates from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. Recently, we studied the effect of RsDPLA and toxic ReLPS on other NF-kB complexes such as p50/c-rel, p65/c-rel, and p50/p50. The accumulation of the p50/p50 complexes have been associated with tolerance to toxic LPS (54). ReLPS induced a sustained increase in both p50/c-rel and p50/p50 complexes. In contrast, RsDPLA showed some increase in p50/c-rel but not accumulation of p50/p50 homodimers, consistent with the finding that RsDPLA does not induce these homodimers in macrophages (50) and fails to induce tolerance in macrophages. We have also studied the effect of ReLPS and RsDPLA on the degradation of IkB-cx and IkB-P in 70Z/3 cells. We found that ReLPS and RsDPLA are relatively slow to initiate degradation of IkB and that maximal translocation of NF-KB/rel complexes into the nucleus compartment tool about 60 minutes. In contrast, stimulation with phorbol myristic acid was far more rapid, reaching a peak at 30 minutes (O. Lawrence, N. Qureshi, and C. H. Sibley, unpublished results).
Conclusion
Published in Jay A. Goldstein, Chronic Fatigue Syndromes, 2020
Augmenting the synthesis and release of CRH in CFS would make sense, but appears difficult to accomplish. Fenfluramine, reported to be an effective secretagogue in other situations, 23 is ineffective, as is DDAVP. 24 An agent worth trying would be a thymic peptide such as thymopentin or alpha-1 thymosin which appears to increase CRH secretion, 25 or perhaps only ACTH, by a direct mechanism. Protein kinase C stimulates CRH production, and CFS/FM lymphocytes are deficient in this kinase where stimulated with IL-2. Low doses of phorbol esters may be of benefit, although high doses may be harmful. Research on the neuroendocrine thymus gives conflicting results. One study finds CRH in rat thymus, 26 while another reports that intraventricular thymosin alpha-1 decreases ACTH and TSH but stimulates it when given at the pituitary leve1. 27
Effects of intermediate frequency electromagnetic fields: a review of animal studies
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Hae-June Lee, Hee Jin, Young Hwan Ahn, Nam Kim, Jeong Ki Pack, Hyung-Do Choi, Yun-Sil Lee
Lastly, DMBA was applied to the skin to evaluate the effect of tetradecanoyl phorbol ester (TPA) and IF-EMF co-exposure on the incidence of skin cancer. When the mice were co-exposed to DMBA and TPA, skin cancer occurred more quickly and the cancer became malignant. One week after DMBA exposure, TPA was applied to the skin of female adult mice and the mice were exposed to IF-EMFs for 19 weeks. TPA was applied to the skin once a week for 19 weeks. Exposure to IF-EMFs alone did not induce skin cancer, nor did DMBA exposure alone. In contrast, a 100% incidence of skin cancer occurred when DMBA and TPA were applied together; however, this effect was not exacerbated by IF-EMF exposure. Moreover, IF-EMF exposure did not change the number of skin tumors per animal. One of the limitations of this study was that it was difficult to identify whether IF-EMF treatment interacted with DMBA and TPA co-treatment, as the combination of these two compounds had already resulted in a 100% skin cancer incidence rate. Despite these limitations, the authors ruled out any association between IF-EMFs and the occurrence of skin cancer, as IF-EMFs alone did not induce any skin malignancies. Therefore, the authors concluded that an IF-EMF of 20 kHz at a magnetic flux density of 6.25 μT did not affect the occurrence of mammary tumors, lung adenomas, and skin tumors (Lee et al. 2007).
TIGIT and CD155 as Immune-Modulator Receptor and Ligand on CD4+ T cells in Preeclampsia Patients
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2022
Amin Kamrani, Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, Sadaf Shiri, Yousef Yousefzadeh, Ramin Pourakbari, Leili Aghebati-Maleki, Amir Mehdizadeh, Shahla Danaii, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Bahman Yousefi, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi, Roza Motavalli, Mohammadali Zolfaghari, Mostafa Haji-Fatahaliha, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Javad Ahmadian Heris, Asma Emdadi, Mehdi Yousefi
Venous blood (~5 ml) was collected through venipuncture from healthy pregnant women and PE patients in order to isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The isolation of PBMCs was performed by adding a ficoll of 1.077 g/ml and centrifuging at 450 g for 25 min, and then washing twice with RPMI 1640 medium (Sigma, Germany). Next, using a complete medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 5 × 106 of cells were cultured. For the stimulation of PBMCs, 10 ng/ml of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) (eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA) was utilized. After 48 hours, the cultured cells and the supernatant were employed for the analyses of gene expression and the evaluation of cytokine levels, respectively. Obtaining blood samples was performed prior to steroid or antihypertensive drug treatment in PE patients.
Fabrication and characterization of Agarwood extract-loaded nanocapsules and evaluation of their toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity on RAW 264.7 cells and in zebrafish embryos
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Manar A. Eissa, Yumi Z. H.-Y. Hashim, Mohd Hamzah Mohd Nasir, Yusilawati Ahmad Nor, Hamzah Mohd. Salleh, Muhammad Lokman Md. Isa, Saripah S. S. Abd-Azziz, Nor Malia Abd Warif, Eman Ramadan, Noha M. Badawi
The inflammatory mediator NO· reacts with oxygen to produce stable nitrate (NO3−) and nitrite (NO2·) that can be quantified using Griess reagent (Islam et al., 2016). As shown in Figure 8, LPS/IFNγ stimulation demonstrated significant increase (p < 0.05) in NO production (27.708 µM) compared to control group (15.649 µM). The extract at a concentration of 400 µg/ml showed an undesirable stimulating effect on NO production, while it showed significant reduction in NO production ranging from 58.124% to 13.090% at concentrations between 200–6.25 µg/ml compared to LPS/IFNγ-stimulated group (Figure 8). ALEX-M exhibited NO inhibitory activity with an EC50 value of 164.790 ± 6.318 µg/ml, compared to the standard Ibuprofen with an EC50 value of 30.91 ± 5.878 µg/ml. The finding signifies the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract, which can be attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds as recommended by previous studies (Mennen et al., 2004; Okoli and Akah, 2004). In a previous study, a number of phorbol esters isolated from A. malaccensis seeds obtained from Taiwan the demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory activity (Wagh et al., 2017). Similarly, sesquiterpenes derivatives isolated from agarwood chips of A. malaccensis tree obtained from an industrial plantation in Laos, showed ability to suppress inflammation (Thanh et al., 2021). The result of the present study is compatible with the anti-inflammatory activity of A. malaccensis leaf extract demonstrated through its ability to inhibit lipoxygenase enzyme (Eissa et al., 2020).