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Monographs of essential oils that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
In 14 pottery workers with occupational contact dermatitis after contact with Indonesian (high δ3-carene concentration) turpentine oil, 7 co-reacted to α-pinene and 4 to δ3-carene (5). Of 40 Polish patients allergic to turpentine oil and tested with both Polish turpentine (high carene content) and Chinese turpentine oil (no carenes), 19 reacted to both (probably pinenes and limonene as allergens) and 17 only to Polish turpentine (presumably δ3-carene as the allergen) (21). Thus, it appears that α-pinene may be equally important if not more important than δ3-carene as contact allergen in turpentine oils. In Bulgarian turpentine oil, α-phellandrene was shown to be a sensitizer (33).
Chemistry of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Myrcene (70) is very widespread in nature. Some sources, such as hops, contain high levels and it is found in most of the common herbs and spices. All isomers of α-ocimene (84), β-ocimene (85), and allo-ocimene (86) are found in essential oils, the isomers of β-ocimene (85) being the most frequently encountered. Limonene (73) is present in many essential oils, but the major occurrence is in the citrus oils that contain levels up to 90%. These oils contain the dextrorotatory (R)-enantiomer, and its antipode is much less common. Both α-phellandrene (87) and β-phellandrene (88) occur widely in essential oils. For example, (−)-α-phellandrene is found in Eucalyptus dives and (S)-(−)-b-phellandrene in the lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta. p-Cymene (83) has been identified in many essential oils and plant extracts and thyme and oregano oils are particularly rich in it. α-Pinene (65), β-pinene (76), and 3-carene (77) are all major constituents of turpentine from a wide range of pines, spruces, and firs. The pinenes are often found in other oils, 3-carene less so. Like the pinenes, camphene (89) is widespread in nature.
Chemical composition, enantiomeric analysis and anticholinesterase activity of Lepechinia betonicifolia essential oil from Ecuador
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
James Calva, Luis Cartuche, Salomé González, José Vinicio Montesinos, Vladimir Morocho
Several studies on the Lepechinia genus reported heterogeneity of identified compounds, which has not allowed the establishment of a typical metabolic pattern. So far to date, the essential oils of some Lamiaceae, including two species belonging to the genus Lepechinia spp. have been studied (Velasco-Negueruela et al. 1994; Cicció et al. 1999; Acevedo et al. 2005; Borges et al. 2006; Arze et al. 2009; Valarezo et al. 2012; Panamito et al. 2021). Two related studies of EO from L. mutica (Benth) Epling, reported a great variation in the chemical composition. Malagón et al. (2003) identified 54 compounds, among them β-phellandrene (30%), camphene (13%), limonene (8%), 3-carene (6%) and α-pinene (6%) were the most abundant. On the other hand, Ramírez et al. (2018) reported the identification of δ-3-carene (24.23%), eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol (13.02%), thujopsan-2-α-ol (11.90%), β-pinene (7.96%), valerianol (5.19%), and co-eluting limonene and β-phellandrene (4.47%) as the main constituents. In another study, with a related species from the same geographical location, Gilardoni et al. (2018) reported from L. heteromorpha (Briq) Epling, the identification of 25 constituents, where viridiflorene (27.3%), (E,E)-α-farnesene (1.4%), ledol (21.2%), spirolepechinene and (E)-β-caryophyllene (7.1%), allo-aromadendrene (6.1%) were the main constituents.
Chemical composition, seasonal variation and antiaging activities of essential oil from Callistemon subulatus leaves growing in Egypt
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Omyma Rabie, Heba A. S. El-Nashar, Taghreed A. Majrashi, Tarfah Al‐Warhi, Mahmoud A. El Hassab, Wagdy M. Eldehna, Nada M. Mostafa
Molecular docking has been indispensable in recent researches, to display binding affinities of bioactive molecules in the target enzymes and to validate their proposed mechanism of bioactivities40,41. As shown in Figure 3, eucalyptol revealed hydrogen bonding with ThR A:41 amino acid moiety present in the active site of elastase enzyme, in addition to two alkyl and Pi-alkyl interactions with HIS A:57 and CYS A:42 as well as van der Waals interactions with CYS A:58, SER A:195, GLY A:193 and GLN A:192 amino acids. Similarly, α-pinene revealed three alkyl and Pi-alkyl interactions with HIS A:57 and CYS A:42 amino acids and numerous van der Waals interactions. This was also observed to a lower extent in α-phellandrene binding interactions.
Transdermal fennel essential oil nanoemulsions with promising hepatic dysfunction healing effect: in vitro and in vivo study
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Dina Mahmoud Mostafa, Sameh Hosam Abd El-Alim, Marwa Hasanein Asfour, Sahar Youssef Al-Okbi, Doha Abdou Mohamed, Thanaa El-Sayed Hamed, Gamal Awad
Liver disorders are one of the world’s major health problems. Regardless of its broad occurrence, high morbidity and mortality, its clinical management is currently inadequate as there is no successful treatment to prevent the hepatic disease progression (Rabeh and Aboraya 2014). Natural antioxidants have attracted a great deal of public and scientific attention due to their hepatoprotective, anti-carcinogenic potential and other health-promoting effects (Ozbek et al. 2003; Chang et al. 2013). Therefore, much attention has been focused on natural antioxidants with consequent development of various drug delivery systems to enhance their pharmacological effect (Asfour et al. 2017; Mohsen et al. 2017; Asfour and Mohsen 2018). Essential oils are natural sources of phenolic components, accordingly, their activity as antioxidants or free radical scavengers has been evaluated (Aazza et al. 2011; Mansour et al. 2011). Foeniculum vulgare Mill. is a member of the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) and commonly known as ʻFennelʼ. It is a small genus of annual, biennial or perennial herbs. It is cultivated mainly in Central Europe and Mediterranean region (Chang et al. 2013). Now, it is widely cultivated throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world (He and Huang 2011). Essential oil of fennel is used as a flavoring agent as well as a constituent of cosmetic and pharmaceutical products (Piccaglia and Marotti 2001). The major constituent of FEO is trans-anethole (TA) (58.1–92.5%). Other important components are fenchone (0.2–8.0%), estragole (1.1–4.8%) and limonene (0.2–21.0%) (Tisserand and Young 2014). Minor components include alpha-pinene and alpha phellandrene (Tisserand and Young 2014).