China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Monographs of essential oils that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Petitgrain bigarade oil is obtained by steam-distillation of the leaves, or of the leaves, young branches and immature fruits of the bitter orange tree (1,3). It is widely used in perfumery for the sweet and fresh note it gives to colognes and lotions. The oils produced in the Mediterranean area are said to have better odor properties than those produced in Paraguay (2,3). Petitgrain bigarade oil is also employed in the fabrication of soaps because of its good resistance to an alkaline medium (1). In addition, bitter orange leaf oil may be added to foods and drinks as flavoring. The oil may also be employed in aromatherapy practices.
Adulteration of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
ISO standard, 8901, 2010 shows character and data for this oil. This is also known as “petitgrain oil bigarade.” Adulteration is done by using petitgrain oil from Paraguay, heads and tails from fractioning of that oil (to receive the petitgrain oil “terpene free”), and rectified orange terpenes and limonene. Blending is done with synthetic linalool, linalyl acetate, geraniol, geranyl acetate, and α-terpineol. Detection is done by GC-MS as well as by multidimensional enantiomeric separation systems. Juchelka (1996a,b) published the following chiral ratio values: (R)-(−)-linalyl acetate (98.0%–99.1%):(S)-(+)-linalyl acetate (0.2%–2.0%); (R)-(−)-linalool (66.4%–90.2%):(S)-(+)-linalool (9.8%–33.6%); (S)-(−)-α-terpineol (26.4%–28.4%):(R)-(+)-α-terpineol (71.6%–73.6%). Dugo and Mondello (2011) reported following chiral ratios: (R)-(+)-α-pinene (6.7%–12.0%): (S)-(−)-α-pinene (93.3%–88.0%); (R)-(+)-β-pinene (0.1%–1.1%): (S)-(−)-β-pinene (98.8%–99.9%); (S)-(−)-limonene (29.2%–39.2%): (R)-(+)-limonene (60.8%–70.8%); (R)-(−)-linalool (66.4%–90.2%):(S)-(+)-linalool (9.8%–33.6%); (R)-(−)-linalyl acetate (93.4%–99.1%):(S)-(+)-linalyl acetate (0.9%–6.6%); (S)-(+)-terpinen-4-ol (47.9%–67.4%):(R)-(−)-terpinen-4-ol (32.6%–52.1%); (S)-(−)-α-terpineol (27.5%–28.4%):(R)-(+)-α-terpineol (71.6%–72.5%).
Terpenes and Terpenoids
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
According to Rudback et al.,105 different compositions of monoterpenes are utilized for their pleasant scent in cosmetics and perfumes. However, the most commonly used fragrance terpenes easily oxidize upon contact with air, forming strongly skin-sensitizing hydroperoxides. Due to their thermolability and low UV absorbance, detection methods for hydroperoxides are scarce. For the first time, a simple and sensitive method using LC/ESI-MS/MS was developed to quantitatively determine hydroperoxides from the common fragrance compounds—linalool, linalyl acetate, and limonene. The method was applied to autoxidized petitgrain oil and sweet orange oil. A separation was accomplished using a C3 column. The method LOD for the investigated hydroperoxides in the essential oils was below 0.3 μg/mL, corresponding to 0.3 ppm. For prevention purposes and according to EU regulations, concentrations in cosmetics exceeding 100 ppm in “rinse-off” and 10 ppm in “stay-on” products of linalool and limonene must be labeled. However, the products may still contain allergens, such as hydroperoxides, formed by oxidative degradation of their parent terpenes. The sensitivity and selectivity of the presented LC/MS/MS method enables detection of hydroperoxides from the fragrance terpenes linalool, linalyl acetate, and limonene. However, for routine measurements, the method requires further validation.
GC/MS analysis and potential synergistic effect of mandarin and marjoram oils on Helicobacter pylori
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Rawah H. Elkousy, Nada M. Mostafa, Ahmed M. Abd-alkhalek, Mahmoud A. El Hassab, Sara T. Al-Rashood, Wagdy M. Eldehna, Omayma A. Eldahshan
On the other hand, the genus Citrus (Rutaceae) has been one of the most popular and commercially important crops for thousands of years. Citrus fruits are known for their nutritional values as an excellent source of vitamin C, their unique flavour, and their medicinal properties26. Interestingly, essential oil (EO) is the most vital by-product of citrus processing. Petitgrain mandarin essential oil is extracted from Citrus reticulata leaves. It could relieve stress and digestive problems while helping with flatulence, diarrhoea, and constipation. It is mostly used to increase circulation to the skin, reducing fluid retention and helping prevent stretch marks. Mandarin oil is used to calm the nervous system and has a tonic effect27,28. Moreover, it showed broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal agents. It inhibited the growth of several bacterial and fungal strains29–31. Furthermore, petitgrain mandarin essential oil showed potential antioxidant, anticancer (HL-60 and NB4), and radical scavenging activities32.