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The pharmaceutical industry of Toyama prefecture, Japan
Published in Stephan Kloos, Calum Blaikie, Asian Medical Industries, 2022
By the early twentieth century, the major players in the production of haichi medicines had transformed themselves from drug shops into patent medicine companies. Those chōnushi working for haichi medicine companies borrowed the trademark of their company and used the company’s factory as their cooperative formulation place, but in fact continued to prepare medicines according to their own formulations and methods. This meant that the content, quality, and effectiveness of individual haichi medicines varied considerably, despite being made under the same name and ostensibly by the same patent medicine company. This lack of standardisation was one of the main targets of the Patent Medicine Affairs Law of 1914. Under this new law, patent medicine corporations were required to prepare their medicines according to standard formulations and under the control of qualified pharmacists.
The Non-Prescription Products – Market-Profits and Public Health in Conflict
Published in Mickey C. Smith, E.M. (Mick) Kolassa, Walter Steven Pray, Government, Big Pharma, and the People, 2020
The widespread sales of patent medicines are an indelible stain on the history of American medicine. They were indirectly hazardous to purchasers by giving them false hope allowing them to neglect legitimate medical care. Many were also directly hazardous, containing deadly and addictive substances.
Missed Opportunities? Beneficial Uses of Illicit Drugs
Published in Ross Coomber, The Control of Drugs and Drug Users, 2020
Lester Grinspoon, James B. Bakalar
By the early 19th century, physicians in Europe and in the United States were convinced that most diseases had physical and chemical causes, but they knew too little to create a medical science with the intellectual authority and practical effectiveness of physics and chemistry. This uncertain situation, together with the growth of manufacturing, capitalist entrepreneurship, and the spirit of liberal individualism, made the nineteenth century a great age of self-medication and competing medical authorities. The patent medicine industry flowered, and many of its medicines contained psychoactive drugs — especially alcohol, opium, cocaine, or cannabis. Orthodox physicians used these drugs extensively as well; as late as 1910, morphine was the fourth most commonly used drug in the United States, and alcohol was fifth. These drugs were not specific cures for specific diseases, and little was known about how they worked, but they relieved suffering in a wide variety of situations. Opium, alcohol, or cocaine, like faith in a pharmacologically inactive nostrum, reduced the pain while nature took its course, often toward a restoration of health.
Screening of Weight-Loss Herbal Products for Synthetic Anti-Obesity Adulterants: A Target-Oriented Analysis by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2021
P. Girish, M. Jayanthi, B. Gitanjali, S. Manikandan, S. Rajan
In the present study, the procured WHPs were found to contain both classical and proprietary preparations (supplementary material). The classical preparations are manufactured based on the formula and indications as mentioned in the traditional text books such as Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita for Ayurveda. Proprietary preparations are also known as patent medicines or modern medicines which are manufactured by the company itself based on expertise and clinical trials. Both classical and proprietary WHPs need a license for manufacturing and marketing from the respective state drug control authorities. The WHPs included in the present study were licensed under the state AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy) authority. The state AYUSH licensing authority issues the manufacturing and marketing licenses for the herbal products after fulfilling all the standard requirements.
The treatment of menopausal symptoms by traditional Chinese medicine in Asian countries
Published in Climacteric, 2021
The Modified XiaoYao pill is used in southern China, especially in Guangdong and Taiwan. The LiuWei DiHuang pill can nourish Kidney Yin and is mainly composed of six Chinese medicines like Dogwood, Chinese yam, Alisma, mountain bark, and Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata. The Modified XiaoYao pill can significantly reduce KMI scores, with an effective rate of 89.58%12. Sometimes the combined application of Chinese patent medicine has more obvious therapeutic effects. For example, the Kunbao pill and the Modified XiaoYao pill combined with psychological intervention could not only improve nervous symptoms, but also regulate the blood levels of lipids and sex hormones in patients with perimenopausal syndrome complicated with hyperlipidemia13. These are all applications of empirical medicine, and randomized controlled trials are still needed to confirm the effects.
The gut–brain axis: historical reflections
Published in Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 2018
By the mid-twentieth century, groups of competing medical sub-disciplines saw the gut as territory to be fought for. Rather than working collaboratively, physicians, anatomists, physiologists, surgeons and psychologists tended to retain their own approaches to managing the gut and criticised each other’s approaches for their ineffectiveness. Even despite the various ways of knowing the gut now in existence, the bodily region remained mysterious, almost unknowable, with the causes of conditions such as ulcers still blurry. This situation proved bewildering for both patients and doctors. As one British doctor wrote in 1956: The surgeons think of cures by surgery. The patent medicine firms push their products. The ethical drug houses are always seeking some new and better remedy. The psychiatrists speak of individual reactions to stress and strains. The naturopaths, the osteopaths and homeopaths, and a host of other cults and quacks all make their claims. There is such a clamour of contestants for cure that the patient who really wants to know is deafened rather than enlightened. [55]