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Use of Cannabinoids in Palliative Nutrition Care
Published in Victor R. Preedy, Handbook of Nutrition and Diet in Palliative Care, 2019
As with any medication or herbal product, a discussion of cannabis use should include adverse effects, contraindications, drug interactions and appropriate precautions. Commonly noted short-term adverse effects include anxiety; confusion; disorientation; dizziness; drowsiness; euphoria; fatigue; hallucination; hypotension; impaired memory, learning and psychomotor speed; loss of balance; nausea; psychosis; somnolence; tachycardia; vomiting; and visual disturbances (Deshpande et al. 2015; Whiting et al. 2015; Aviram and Samuelly-Leichtag 2017). Allergy to any form of medicinal cannabinoid or its vehicle is a clear contraindication to use. Cannabis is also not indicated during pregnancy and breastfeeding or for those intending to become pregnant (Health Canada 2013). Some suggested contraindications and precautions and their associated rationales are presented in Table 33.6. Anticipated or reported cannabis-drug interactions are listed in Table 33.7. Finally, additional risks include exposure to microbial or fungal contamination, such as Aspergillus from smoked cannabis, or to solvents and unapproved pesticides, such as isopentane and paclobutrazol found in cannabinoid concentrates, and inaccurate content labeling leading to difficulty with dose titration (Raber et al. 2015; Ruchlemer et al. 2015; Vandrey et al. 2015).
The Selection and Use of Gloves against Pesticides
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
The different solvents, detergents, and solubilizers used in the final end-use formulations will, however, and probably to a larger degree, also affect the penetration of the active ingredients through different glove materials.20,23 A study on pentachlorophenol demonstrated that if pentachlorophenol was dissolved in diesel oil, as previously recommended for long-term preservation of wood, instead of the use of pentachloro phenate in water, the breakthrough time through vinyl examination gloves was reduced from 5 h to 30 s, and the breakthrough time through latex/Neoprene gloves was reduced from 8 h to approximately 1 h.22 Likewise, neither DDT, 2,4-D, nor diazinon penetrated nitrile gloves significantly during a 24-h observation period when applied in their commercial formulations, whereas the same pesticides in an acetone formulation penetrated the nitrile glove within a few hours.18 Apparently, the more lipophilic and the higher the concentration of the carrier solvent, the more rapidly the active ingredient permeates the protective glove.15 Detergent may, however, not always increase the penetration of the active ingredient. Thus, a study on penetration of pirimicarb and paclobutrazol through latex or nitrile gloves demonstrated that the detergent nonylphenol ethoxylate slightly decreased the penetration of the active ingredients through the glove and underlying skin.3 The available open literature on the influence of formulations on penetration characteristics is limited, and data is often equivocal. As several studies have demonstrated how penetration characteristics of active ingredients may dramatically change depending on the formulation, there is a clear need for more research and more published data on this area.
A new regression model for bimodal data and applications in agriculture
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2021
Julio Cezar Souza Vasconcelos, Gauss Moutinho Cordeiro, Edwin Moises Marcos Ortega, Édila Maria de Rezende
The data refer to index of germination speed of tomato seeds Ozone. The production of tomatoes for fresh consumption generally involves the germination of seeds in trays with subsequent transplanting of the seedlings. One of the main problems noted in this production system is the rapid vegetative growth of the aerial part (etiolation). This imbalance causes the formation of elongated and fragile seedlings with thin hypocotyls and few roots, making them more susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses, with consequent death of these seedlings [26]. Some growth inhibitors, such as paclobutrazol (PBZ), are used to reduce this problem. PBZ is a growth regulator that belongs to the triazole group and acts by reducing biosynthesis of gibberellins (GAs). It therefore reduces the growth of the stem without impairing cell differentiation and without causing phytotoxicity [17]. The gibberellins are hormones responsible for regulating the height of plants, by promoting alteration of the juvenility and sexuality of the flowers and the establishment and growth of the fruits, besides affecting the activation of hydrolytic enzymes responsible for seed germination [29]. PBZ can be applied by foliar spraying, by soil applications or by seed treatment. The application by seed treatment is one of the safest options by avoiding the problem of residues in the fruits and environmental contamination [15]. However, since PBZ acts by reducing the synthesis of GAs, it can have deleterious effects on seed germination. Calculation of the germination speed index (GSI) proposed by [16] can be used as a test of the relative vigor of seeds in controlled laboratory germination experiments. There is a direct relationship between the germination sped and vigor of seeds [19]. Therefore, a reduction of the GSI serves as an indicator of a negative influence on seed germination.