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Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
The hypothesis that patients sensitized to p-phenylenediamine are at increased risk of concomitant reactivity to limonene hydroperoxides, owing to a ‘common pathway’ of skin protein oxidation, has been rejected (65).
3-(Aminomethyl)Pyridyl Salicylate
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
A cross-reaction has been suggested with p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and other para-compounds (2, 4). Two of two patients (2), one of one (1) and 9 of 11 (4) were allergic to both 3-(aminomethyl)pyridyl salicylate and PPD, some of who also to other para-substances such as benzocaine and aniline (2, 4). No cross-reaction to ethyl salicylate or methyl salicylate (4).
Common Office Tests and Procedures for the Allergist
Published in Pudupakkam K Vedanthan, Harold S Nelson, Shripad N Agashe, PA Mahesh, Rohit Katial, Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician, 2021
Patch tests should be kept in place for 48 hours, then removed for interpretation. After the first reading (at 48 hours), an additional reading at 72–96 hours is recommended to reduce false-positives (i.e., positive at first reading but negative at second reading) and false negatives (i.e., negative at first reading but positive at second reading). Approximately 30% of relevant allergens that are negative at the 48 hour reading become positive at 72–96 hours. Conversely, irritant reactions at 48 hours tend to disappear by 72–96 hours. For weak sensitizers such as neomycin or p-phenylenediamine, additional readings at 5–7 days may be necessary.
Comparison between patch test results of natural dyes and standard allergens in batik workers with occupational contact dermatitis
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2022
Eka Devinta Novi Diana, Suci Widhiati, Moerbono Mochtar, Muhammad Eko Irawanto
Some standard allergen properties are thought to cause ACD, including having a small molecular weight (less than 500 Da), being electrophilic, and being a strong sensitiser. The study of Handa et al. in India reported that a positive patch test for PPD of 0.1% was found in 13% of cases18. In this study, out of 5 subjects with ACD due to exposure to standard allergens, a positive patch test for 0.1% PPD was found in 1 subject (20%). P-phenylenediamine is a hapten with a small molecular weight of 108.1 Da. The low molecular weight of PPD facilitates the penetration of allergens into the stratum corneum, which in turn causes sensitisation. P-phenylenediamine easily binds to proteins to form a complete antigen and is electrophilic. P-phenylenediamine sensitisation of the skin is thought to be due to the formation of benzoquinone. P-phenylenediamine, which is exposed to oxygen (O2) in the air for a long time, will be oxidised to reactive benzoquinone diimine, a necessary substance to react with proteins19.
Impact of mono-culture vs. Co-culture of keratinocytes and monocytes on cytokine responses induced by important skin sensitizers
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2021
Venkatanaidu Karri, Carola Lidén, Nanna Fyhrquist, Johan Högberg, Hanna L. Karlsson
Induction of contact allergy (sensitization) results in lifelong susceptibility to developing allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) by subsequent skin exposure to the allergens. Epidemiological studies show that at least 20% of the general population in Europe, North America and Asia suffer from contact allergies (Alinaghi et al. 2019). ACD can have a serious impact on the quality of life and represents a common occupational health problem, owing particularly to hand eczema (Meding et al. 2005). ACD results from an overreaction of the adaptive immune system and involves two phases; the induction phase and a subsequent elicitation phase (Martin 2015). Patch testing with a baseline series, including metals, fragrances, preservatives, and additional substances, is used to diagnose contact allergy; but numerous other chemicals have also been shown to cause contact allergy (Johansen et al. 2015). Indeed, many metal ions are well known to cause ACD with cobalt (Co) being the most frequently sensitizing metal after nickel (Thyssen and Menné 2010; Alinaghi et al. 2019). Among preservatives causing ACD, isothiazolinones – including methylisothiazolinone (MI), are frequently and abundantly found in cosmetics and non-cosmetic products (Lidén et al. 2016; Schwensen et al. 2017). Several aromatic amine precursors found in hair dyes, such as p-phenylenediamine (PPD), are known to cause ACD (Lidén et al. 2016; Alinaghi et al. 2019; Ferguson et al. 2019).