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Treatment of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Published in Jay A. Goldstein, Chronic Fatigue Syndromes, 2020
Nootropic agents, as mentioned previously, may have helped some patients. Piracetam, beneficial in dyslexia, may be of value, but oxiracetam (Neuromet), available in Italy, may work better. Ergoloid mesylates (Hydergine), even in high doses, have been disappointing in CFS dementia. Vinpocetine (Ceractin) has been used in multi-infarct dementia. My two patients who have tried it reported no improvement in cognition. No one has tried gangliosides.
Pitfalls and Practical Solutions
Published in Joseph Chamberlain, The Analysis of Drugs in Biological Fluids, 2018
Switching valves may also be used after the chromatographic column, such as in heart-cutting procedures where the most concentrated part of the sample is collected for further processing, as described, for example by Lecaillon et al. for metoprolol and oxiracetam.1504 These column-switching techniques in turn have benefited considerably by the use of computer control.
Vascular Dementia
Published in Marc E. Agronin, Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, 2014
Ginkgo biloba has a variety of potential mechanisms but has not shown clear efficacy and can also increase the risk of bleeding if taken along with warfarin and antiplatelet agents (DeKosky, Williamson, & Fitzpatrick, 2008). Several nootropic (“acting on the mind”) agents include cytidinediphosphocholine (CDP-choline), believed to activate the synthesis of neuronal membrane phospholipids, and a group of amino acid compounds that include piracetam and oxiracetam. Unfortunately, none of these agents have well-established efficacy for enhancing memory and no clear benefit for treating VaD and so are not currently recommended treatment options (Fioravanti & Yanagi, 2005).
Comparative toxicity and toxicokinetic studies of oxiracetam and (S)-oxiracetam in dogs
Published in Xenobiotica, 2019
Tian-tian Liu, Xin-miao Guo, Zu-yuan Rong, Xiang-feng Ye, Jin-feng Wei, Ai-ping Wang, Hong-tao Jin
It has been more than twenty years since the discovery of oxiracetam (ORT, 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide), a derivative of piracetam, which is a nootropic used for treating memory decline and various cognitive function disorders (Bottini et al., 1992; Mondadori et al., 1996; Nicholson, 1990; Villardita et al., 1992). Oxiracetam has also been associated with promising central nervous system protective effects, including in cerebrovascular impairment (Kometani et al., 1991), ischemic stroke(Wang et al., 2014), and brain injury(Yi et al., 2016). Recent studies have shown that oxiracetam can reduce cognitive injury at high altitude (Hu et al., 2017; Li et al., 2017) and was selected to be co-administered with nerve growth factor for the treatment of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage (Sun et al., 2018). Oxiracetam has an asymmetric carbon, and its enantiomers are (S) -and (R)-ORT (Figure 1). It is used as a racemic mixture in clinical treatment. Studies have shown that (S)-ORT has high efficacy and is the active component of racemic oxiracetam (Fan et al., 2018; Li et al., 2017). To the best of our knowledge, most studies have focused on differences in the effects of ORT enantiomers from a pharmacological (Baumann & Eap, 2001; Kasprzyk-Hordern, 2010) or pharmacokinetic (Son et al., 2004; Wan et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2015a) perspective. However, the in vivo toxicity and toxicokinetics of oral ORT and (S)-ORT have not yet been investigated. Accordingly, ORT and (S)-ORT were evaluated in acute and 90-day repeated-dose toxicity and toxicokinetic studies in dogs following oral exposure, as described herein.
Advances in the available non-biological pharmacotherapy prevention and treatment of acute mountain sickness and high altitude cerebral and pulmonary oedema
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2018
K.E. Joyce, S.J.E. Lucas, C.H.E. Imray, G.M Balanos, A. D. Wright
Oxiracetam has been reported to influence brain function at high altitude. Blood flow velocity measured by transcranial Doppler decreased in both anterior and posterior circulations following the administration of oxiracetam, attributed to vasodilation in the posterior and anterior circulation [162]. More importantly preconditioning with oxiracetam appeared to reduce the decline in cognitive function on ascent to altitude.