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Bacteria Causing Gastrointestinal Infections
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
B. Vinoth, M. Krishna Raja, B. Agieshkumar
Laboratory diagnosis for V. cholerae involves biochemical or serological tests for the identification of the presence of O1 serogroup antigens. The subtyping of O1 serogroup as Inaba, Ogawa, and Hikojima could be done by agglutination test. Slide agglutination test is done by treating the cultures grown on heart infusion agar, Kligler’s iron agar, and triple sugar iron agar with the antiserum to detect the specific O antigen. Other than this, some of the biochemical tests like oxidase test, ring test, triple sugar iron test, carbohydrate test, decarboxylase test, and Voges-proskauer test are done infrequently based on the necessity. The hemolytic activity of V. cholerae is used to distinguish the biotypes such as classical and E1T; classical types show negative hemolytic activity, whereas E1T or of Australian or the US gulf coast strain shows strong positive hemolytic activity.
Aeromonas
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Chi-Jung Wu, Maria José Figueras, Po-Lin Chen, Wen-Chien Ko
Definite diagnosis of Aeromonas infection relies on laboratory cultivation and identification of the causative microbe. Aeromonads are nonfastidious bacteria that survive well in clinical specimens, and widely used transport media are acceptable for transport. They grow well on most culture media routinely used in clinical laboratory, such as blood or MacConkey agar (MCA).95 The genus Aeromonas is identified based on characteristics of motility, positive oxidase activity, fermentation of D-glucose, inability to grow in salt concentrations of ≥6%, and resistance to O/129 (150 μg).95,96 The oxidase test distinguishes aeromonads from the oxidase-negative Enterobacteriaceae.
Aeromonas
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Laboratory identification of aeromonads is facilitated by in vitro isolation of Aeromonas spp. from stool or other gastrointestinal samples. Aeromonads grow readily on routine enteric isolation media (MacConkey, xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD), Hektoen enteric (HE), Salmonella-Shigella (SS), and deoxycholate-citrate (DC) agars). Most (90%) of the Aeromonas species from humans produce β-hemolysis on sheep blood agar, with the exception of A. popoffii and A. trota (0% and 50%, respectively) [32]. Identification at the genus level is achieved by positive oxidase test, fermentation of d-glucose, motility (most Aeromonas species are motile apart from A. salmonicida and A. media), the absence of growth in 6.5% sodium chloride, and resistance to the vibriostatic agent O/129 (150 μg). However, phenotypic identification to species level may require additional work involving the use of selective and differential media [33].
The impact of leptin and its receptor polymorphisms on type 1 diabetes in a population of northwest Iran
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2022
Parviz Azimnasab-sorkhabi, Maryam Soltani-asl, José Roberto Kfoury, Petra Algenstaedt, Hakan Farzin Mehmetzade, Yashar Hashemi Aghdam
All people in the study were asked to fast overnight for 10–12 h. Then, the following morning, 10 mL of venous blood was obtained by the certified phlebotomist. The blood samples were centrifuged (250 g-forces for 10 min at 21 °C), and the obtained serum was transferred to the new labelled tube and proceeded for immediate analysis or frozen directly at −80 °C for further analysis. In addition, the buffy coats were further separated by centrifugation and transferred to a separate labelled tube, which was then frozen at −20 °C for subsequent molecular analysis. FBS was measured with enzymatic colorimetric methods utilising the glucose oxidase test. The total cholesterol concentrations (TCH), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG) were evaluated by enzymatic methods. All measurements of clinical characteristics were performed using quality-controlled kits (Pars Azmun). Importantly, all lipid controls were standardised as follows: TCH level <200 mg/dL (5.2 mmol/L), LDL level <100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L), HDL levels >50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L) in women and >40 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L) in men and TG level <150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L) (Esteghamati et al. 2017).
Evaluation of clinical, diagnostic features and therapeutic outcome of neurobrucellosis: a case series and review of literature
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2022
Sudipta Patra, Vandana Kalwaje Eshwara, Aparna Ramakrishna Pai, Muralidhar Varma, Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay
Blood culture using the automated BacT/ALERT® 3D (bioMérieux, India) system and SAT using serum specimens were performed in all patients. Antibody titer ≥1:160 was considered as significant in serum specimens. CSF specimens were also subjected to culture, and tested for total cell count, protein, glucose, adenosine deaminase (ADA) and chloride. CSF abnormalities were considered as increased WBC count (>10 cells/mm3) with lymphocytic predominance, elevated protein levels (>45 mg/dL), and/or reduced glucose levels (<40 mg/dL). Isolated organisms were presumptively identified by Gram’s staining, oxidase test and Christensen’s urease test. Isolates were further confirmed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the bcsp31 gene of Brucella for the simultaneous identification of genus Brucella (208 bp), Brucella abortus (498 bp), and Brucella melitensis (731 bp) [9].
Evaluation of fosfomycin combined with vancomycin against vancomycin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2020
Yasser Musa Ibrahim, Wael Mohamed Abu El-Wafa
Selected CoNS isolates were identified to the species level based on their biochemical characteristics. We adopted two identification schemes; Cowan and Steel’s28 and Sah et al.5 The latter scheme was validated by molecular methods involving PCR and sequencing and proved to accurately identify S. epidermidis and other CoNS isolated from clinical materials.5 The identification tests included the fermentation of lactose, maltose, mannitol, mannose, sucrose and trehalose as well as novobiocin sensitivity testing. Production of coagulase and oxidase and haemolytic activity were also tested. All sugar utilization tests were carried out on phenol red broth as described by Sah et al.5 Oxidase test was performed using commercially available oxidase discs (Himedia) according to manufacturer’s recommendations. Haemolytic activity was tested on blood agar base (oxoid) supplemented with 5% of sheep blood.29