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Gonorrhea
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is easily transmitted during oral, vaginal, or anal sex. The transmission rate from male to female during vaginal intercourse is approximately 50% per contact, rising to 90% after three exposures [5, 6]. The incubation period for N. gonorrhoeae is on average 2–7 days, but may vary between 1 and 14 days. Vertical transmission to the infant occurs in 30–47% cases if cervical infection is present at the time of delivery. The eye is the most common site of neonatal infection, but disseminated gonococcal infection or gonococcal arthritis may also occur in the newborn [7, 8]. The vast majority of vertical transmission occurs during vaginal delivery; however, transmission has been reported after cesarean delivery in patients with ruptured membranes.
Sexual health
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Rajeeb Kumar Sah, Sally Robinson
Gonorrhoea is diagnosed by a urine test or from a swab of the infected area. If tested positive, the individual and their partner need to undergo treatment, usually a single dose of an antibiotic tablet or injection. It is advised not to have sexual intercourse for a week after treatment and all sexual partners for the past three months should be contacted for screening and treatment. In 2018, there were cases of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae that were resistant to the antibiotics ceftriaxone and azithromycin, used as front-line drugs for treatment, so future treatment is likely to become more challenging.
Antigenic Mimicry in Neisseria Species
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Peter C. Giardina, Michael A. Apicella, Brad Gibson, Andrew Preston
Pathogenic Neisseria spp. as well as several other gram-negative mucosal pathogens express a unique phase-variable glycolipid, LOS, on the bacterial outer membrane. LOS is structurally and functionally distinct from the well-studied glycolipid LPS expressed by E. coli, Salmonella spp., and other gram-negative enteric bacteria.
Dental caries and their microbiomes in children: what do we do now?
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Apoena Aguiar Ribeiro, Bruce J. Paster
d. Bacteriophages Phages, the viruses of bacteria, can penetrate into biofilms and represent an innovative form of biocontrol that is specific and non-toxic to humans. It has been suggested that some Streptococcus phages can be used for dental caries prevention and treatment [100]. Phages for Actinomyces naeslundii, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Lactobacillus spp., Neisseria spp., Streptococcus spp., and Veillonella spp. have been isolated and characterized. Enzymes (lysins) of recombinant phage are able to lyse A. naeslundii and Streptococcus spp. However, only a tiny fraction of known phages and their lysins have been explored so far. For example, phages can be engineered to express the antimicrobial peptide C16G2220, which specifically targets S. mutans as an anti-caries therapy. ClyR lysin is active against cariogenic S. mutans and S. sobrinus, but not active against commensal Streptococcus such as S. sanguinis, S. oralis, and S. salivarius. [101]
An update on biologic treatments for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Eculizumab (Soliris®) was approved by the US FDA in 2019 as a treatment for adult AQP4-IgG seropositive NMOSD. As stated in a boxed warning, eculizumab increases the risk of meningococcal and encapsulated bacterial infection by blocking the terminal complement system [62]. In the PREVENT trial, patients were vaccinated against Neisseria meningitidis before receiving the study drug, and no N. meningitidis infections were reported. During the open-label extension study, one patient administered eculizumab plus azathioprine died of pulmonary empyema. The rate of serious infections was lower with eculizumab monotherapy than placebo during PREVENT and its open-label extension study [58,60]. The advantages of eculizumab include preservation of immunosurveillance, immediate onset of action, and persistent efficacy; however, the need for frequent IV administration and high cost are important drawbacks [63].
Predictors of meningococcal vaccine uptake in university and college students: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Joanna Whisnant, Jacqueline Martin-Kerry, Lydia Flett, Peter Knapp
Meningococcal disease (MD) is a rare but serious disease most often associated with people living in the African “meningitis belt”, although it also occurs worldwide. Neisseria meningitidis, its causal bacterium, is a gram-negative diplococcus bacteria, spread through respiratory secretions during close or lengthy contact, with a usual incubation period of 2–10 days.1,2 There are 12 serogroups of N. meningitidis, with six (A, B, C, W-135, X, and Y) having the highest incidence.3 A variety of licensed vaccines are available (Table 1) with the type used dependent on the situation, population, serogroup, length of desired protection, as well as vaccine availability by country, which is highly dependent upon serogroup endemicity, and affordability.17