Ox gall

Ox gall

Dentistry in medical history

Published in Marshall Joseph Becker, Jean MacIntosh Turfa, The Etruscans and the History of Dentistry, 2017

Marshall Joseph Becker, Jean MacIntosh Turfa

The enormous range of pharmaceuticals mentioned by Celsus, such as ox-gall, myrrh and rose petals, reflect the important relationship between pharmacy and medicine at that time. Both the ingredients and the prescriptions in Book 5.1–25 of Celsus are listed by Spencer in his bilingual Loeb edition of the text (Celsus 1938, II: xv–lxiii, 247–251).

A novel probiotic, Lactobacillus johnsonii 456, resists acid and can persist in the human gut beyond the initial ingestion period

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Journal Information

Published in Gut Microbes, 2019

Michael J. Davoren, Jared Liu, Jocelyn Castellanos, Norma I. Rodríguez-Malavé, Robert H. Schiestl

Bile acid tolerance was evaluated using a modified version of the method of Gilliland and Walker.99 Each probiotic strain was evaluated based on addition of bile salts to their standard growth conditions. Freshly inoculated culture media was vortexed heavily and then split evenly into either a fresh vial or one containing ox gall extract (Sigma) to 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3% of final solution by weight (2.12, 4.24, and 6.36 mM based on rough Sigma ox gall extract bile acid salt composition: 10% glycocholic acid, 15% glycodeoxycholic acid, 30% taurocholic acid, 55% cholic acid) Culture media was then incubated anaerobically for 18–20 hours at 37° C, and samples were plated and enumerated.

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Dentistry in medical history

A novel probiotic, Lactobacillus johnsonii 456, resists acid and can persist in the human gut beyond the initial ingestion period