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Participation of Cytokines and Growth Factors in Biliary Epithelial Proliferation and Mito-Inhibition during Ductular Reactions
Published in Gianfranco Alpini, Domenico Alvaro, Marco Marzioni, Gene LeSage, Nicholas LaRusso, The Pathophysiology of Biliary Epithelia, 2020
Anthony J. Demetris, J.G. Lunz, Vladimir Subbotin, Tong Wu, Isao Nozaki, Sarah Contrucci, Xia Yin
In contrast to the growth promoting abilities of TA and TCA, treatment of cultured BEC with other hydrophobic bile acids such as glycocholic acid (GC) and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC) caused a decrease in BEC proliferation at high concentrations. These same bile salts had no effect at lower concentrations.72 These results are reminiscent of the apoptosis observed when hepatocytes are treated with GCDC.144,145
Nutrition and the human lifecycle
Published in Geoffrey P. Webb, Nutrition, 2019
Cow milk has around three times the protein content of human milk. This means that babies will need to excrete substantial amounts of urea if fed on cow milk whereas when breastfed, the bulk of the nitrogen is retained for growth. Around 20% of the nitrogen in cow’s milk and breast milk is non-protein nitrogen e.g. urea, creatine and free amino acids; its biological significance is unclear but this fraction will be absent from infant formula. The amino acid taurine is present in relatively large amounts in human milk and is added to some infant formula. Taurine is normally made from the amino acid cysteine, which in turn can be made from the other sulphur-containing amino acid methionine. However, premature babies have a low synthetic capacity and a relatively high requirement for both cysteine and taurine, and so they are considered as conditionally essential in premature babies. In breastfed infants, the principal bile acid is taurocholic acid but in infants fed on cow milk it is glycocholic acid, and this may adversely affect the emulsification and therefore digestion and absorption of milk fat.
Methods for the Analysis of Gastrointestinal Function
Published in Shayne C. Gad, Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
Many intestinal bacteria are able to deconjugate bile acids [51]. This normally occurs in the large intestine; however, if the deconjugation takes place in the small intestine, absorption of [14C]glycine occurs. The glycine, administered orally as 14C-glycine-glycocholic acid, is completely metabolized and produces 14CO2, which may be measured in the breath.
Research progress of ophthalmic preparations of immunosuppressants
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Ye Liu, Haonan Xu, Na Yan, Zhan Tang, Qiao Wang
Researches have shown that using bile salts instead of cholesterol can make liposomes more flexible, easier for the carrier to penetrate biofilms (Niu et al., 2011). Compared with traditional liposomes, liposomes containing bile salts improved oral (Guan et al., 2011) and percutaneous absorption (Li et al., 2011) of drug molecules. Glycocholic acid, deoxycholate, and taurocholate were less irritating and were suitable for drug delivery. Tacrolimus liposomes prepared by membrane dispersion method were approximately 100 nm in size, and over 90% of tacrolimus was encapsulated. Liposomes containing bile salts can deliver three to four times more tacrolimus in isolated cornea transport than conventional liposomes. Studies on cytotoxicity and corneal tolerance in vivo showed that liposomes containing sodium taurocholate or sodium glycocholate were well tolerated, while those containing sodium deoxycholate were toxic to rabbit cornea (Dai et al., 2013) .
A metabolomic approach to elucidate the inhibitory effects of baicalin in pulmonary fibrosis
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Hong Chang, Hong-yu Meng, Wan-fu Bai, Qing-gang Meng
In addition, the levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and N-acetyltryptophan were lower and the level of glycocholic acid was higher in the model group than in the control group at 4 weeks. Among them, NAD can be synthesized from nicotinamide via the salvage pathway and from tryptophan via the de novo pathway under the catalysis of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) (Stein and Imai 2012; Burgos 2011). NAD and nicotinamide participate in nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, which plays an essential role in maintaining the normal activities of cells to regulate redox reactions, cellular inflammation, and energy metabolism (Yang et al. 2011). N-acetyltryptophan and glycocholic acid are involved in tryptophan metabolism and bile acid synthesis, respectively. Previous studies have strongly implicated these two pathways in fibrosis in rat models (Chang et al. 2017). However, the results of our study did not support any significant ameliorating effects of baicalin on NAD, N-acetyltryptophan, or glycocholic acid levels.
Depression and anxiety in patients with active ulcerative colitis: crosstalk of gut microbiota, metabolomics and proteomics
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Xiaomin Yuan, Biqing Chen, Zhenglan Duan, Ziqian Xia, Yang Ding, Tuo Chen, Huize Liu, Baosheng Wang, Bolin Yang, Xiaoyong Wang, Shijia Liu, Jin-Yong Zhou, Yajun Liu, Qiong Wang, Zhaofeng Shen, Jun Xiao, Hongtao Shang, Weiwei Liu, Guoping Shi, Lei Zhu, Yugen Chen
Compared to UCND/UCNA, UCD/UCA harbored less Prevotella_9 in the feces. Consistently, Prevotella is associated with lower levels of depression and anxiety in patients with IBD and less depression and anxiety mood in the healthy population.27,32–34Prevotella was reported to participate in emotion-related tryptophan and glutamate synthesis.33 Serum L-tryptophan and L-glutamate levels were lower in UCD/UCA. In the current study, bile acid derivatives, glycocholic acid, and glycochenodeoxycholate were elevated, and the bile acid synthesis pathway was significantly changed in UCD/UCA. As bile acids can be transformed by gut bacteria to affect host metabolism and innate immunity, bile acids possibly have a role in the mechanism of UC accompanied with depression/anxiety.35 A co-occurring bacterial relationship, whose bacteria were reported to modulate immune response,36 was weakened in UCD compared to that in UCND. This indicates that more attention should be paid to co-occurring or co-excluding connections among bacteria in future studies.