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Iron in Formulas and Baby Foods
Published in Bo Lönnerdal, Iron Metabolism in Infants, 2020
Sean R. Lynch, Richard F. Hurrell
Ferric pyrophosphate has an RBV of 45 in the hemoglobin repletion test. Unfortunately, no reliable human studies have been performed. Its solubility may be improved by forming a coprecipitate with sodium citrate or ammonium citrate. These double salts have RBVs similar to ferrous sulfate, but may cause organoleptic problems when added to infant cereals.71 Ferric orthophosphate and ferric saccharate are occasionally added to infant cereals by European companies. Ferric orthophosphate has a low and variable RBV while ferric saccharate is well utilized, but its brown color may cause discoloration when higher levels are added.
Nonhistone Nuclear Phosphoproteins
Published in Lubomir S. Hnilica, Chromosomal Nonhistone Proteins, 2018
Once a protein or protein fraction is identified as phosphorylated, an attempt may be made to quantitate the degree of phosphorylation. The overall level of phosphorylation may be determined as alkali-labile phosphate. The release of phosphate from proteins by base depends not on hydrolysis, but on β-elimination.17 This procedure is valid if phosphoryl groups are linked to the protein only by phosphoester bonds. Although Schiltz and Sekeris18 have presented evidence for in vitro phosphorylation of lysine and arginine in nuclear proteins, and 3-phosphohistidine and ϵ-phospholysine have been found in histones,18–20 the presence of the P-N bond has not been confirmed in nonhistone nuclear proteins. Therefore, as a method for determining total phosphate content in nonhistone proteins, liberation of phosphate by alkali appears to be valid. The released phosphate is generally measured as 32P-labeled orthophosphate selectively extracted as the phosphomolybdate complex.21 Phosphate may be quantitated colorimetrically after reduction of the molybdate complex with SnCl2.22
Stimulus-Secretion Coupling: Intracellular Proteins and Nucleotides
Published in Stephen W. Carmichael, Susan L. Stoddard, The Adrenal Medulla 1986 - 1988, 2017
Stephen W. Carmichael, Susan L. Stoddard
Minenko, Kiselev, Tulkova et al. (1987) examined the effects of acetylcholine, after atropine blockade, on the kinetics of orthophosphate incorporation into phosphatidyl phosphate and phosphatidyl bisphosphate as well as on the hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids in rat adrenal medulla slices prelabeled with tritiated myo-inositol. They found an increased accumulation of phosphate in the phospholipids; other data indicated a decrease in turnover of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate.
Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of sevelamer as hyperphosphatemia therapy for hemodialysis patients
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Qian Zeng, Yuanlong Zhong, Xiqiu Yu
Patients suffering from CKD experience the progressive deterioration of renal function, with concomitant impairment of dietary P excretion that ultimately contributes to hyperphosphatemia in individuals with advanced disease (CKD G3-G5D) [4]. The use of oral P binders and the restriction of dietary orthophosphate intake can slow cardiovascular disease and vascular calcification in CKD patients, contributing to improved prognostic outcomes and survival [5]. Avoiding the use of Ca-based P binders can mitigate the potential risks associated with excessive Ca load, including cardiovascular event incidence and more rapid vascular calcification, spurring interest in the development of non-Ca-based P binders including lanthanum carbonate (LC), sevelamer, and iron-based P binders [6]. According to the 2017 KDIGO guidelines, excessive Ca-based P binder exposure can contribute to worse patient outcomes irrespective of GFR category, although evidence regarding the superiority of Ca-free binders as a means of preventing adverse clinical outcomes remains somewhat controversial, and the most optimal means of balancing the potential for adverse clinical outcomes against treatment-related costs and potential harm remains debatable [7,8].
Effect of phosphate availability on biofilm formation in cooling towers
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Ingrid S. M. Pinel, Lan Hee Kim, Vitor R. Proença Borges, Nadia M. Farhat, Geert-Jan Witkamp, Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht, Johannes S. Vrouwenvelder
Total phosphorus was analysed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES, Varian 720-ES). A standard curve was made with a phosphorus standard solution. 10 mL of water samples and standard solutions (20–500 ppb) which were made using a phosphorus standard solution (Inorganic Ventures) were prepared by adding 1% (v v−1, final concentration) nitric acid. The total phosphorus concentration was calculated based on the standard curve. Orthophosphate concentration was measured with a low detection auto analyser using a colorimetric based method (SEAL AutoAnalyser 3 HR, Seal Analytical) following the proposed protocol by Murphy and Riley (1962). Total organic carbon (TOC; Table 2) was analysed using a TOC analyser (TOC-L CSH, Shimadzu Corporation) after filtration through a 0.45 µm pore size sterile PVDF syringe filters. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was measured using a Hach TNT plus COD test kit and measured with a Hach spectrophotometer (DR 3900, Hach). Trace metal concentrations were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS; Agilent 7500CX, Agilent).
Improved uptake and therapeutic intervention of curcumin via designing binary lipid nanoparticulate formulation for oral delivery in inflammatory bowel disorder
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Manu Sharma, Shipra Sharma, Jyoti Wadhwa
Curcumin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Lyon, France). Pluronic-F68 (PF68), Tween 80, soya lecithin, stearic acid (SA ≤98% purity), tristearin (TS ≤99% purity), dialysis membrane (molecular weight cut off between 12,000 and 14,000 Da), dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) (molecular weight 40 kDa) and trehalose was purchased from Hi Media (Mumbai, India). Disodium hydrogen orthophosphate, sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate and sodium hydroxide were procured from Central drug house laboratory (New Delhi, India). HPLC grade water and acetonitrile were purchased from Merck (Mumbai, India). TNFα kit was purchased from BD Bioscience (Minneapolis, MN). All chemicals were used as received. During the study three-stage purified Milli-Q (Millipore, Milli-Q, Billerica, MA) water was used.