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Coronary Artery Disease
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Olive oil’s “secret sauce” is probably related to its antioxidant activity, particularly oleocanthal. This polyphenol is extremely important, as its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities are most likely the source of its antiaging benefits. Other polyphenols such as oleuropein (OL) and hydroxytyrosol (HT) represent molecules of extreme interest for their favorable biological and pharmacological properties. Oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol not only serve as potent antioxidants, but they also exhibit antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities while promoting healthy blood vessel dilation and reducing the risk of blood clotting. A 2018 rodent study13 evaluated oleuropein and concluded that this phenolic compound prevents oxidation and protects against strokes. Hydroxytyrosol bestows equally remarkable benefits, including the prevention of plaque buildup in arteries. In an animal study,14 rabbits given HT for 1 month ended up with improved cholesterol profiles and elevated blood antioxidant status, as well as reduction of atherosclerotic lesions in their arteries.
Chemopreventive Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Oleocanthal (Figure 12.39), the di-aldehydic form of the (–)-deacetoxy-ligstroside aglycone, is a naturally occurring phenolic compound (known as a phenylethanoid), found in newly pressed extra-virgin olive oil. It is thought to be responsible for the stinging and/or burning sensation that occurs in the back of the throat when consuming extra-virgin olive oil, from which its name was derived (i.e., “oleo” for olive, “canth” for sting, and “al” for aldehyde). Another interesting observation is that oleocanthal is an activator of the TRPA1 ion channel, which is also activated by ibuprofen and could be responsible for the burning sensation when consuming extra-virgin olive oil. These results were confirmed by synthesizing and examining both isomers of oleocanthal to rule out the effects of minor contaminants. Furthermore, it has been reported that oleocanthal shows potential in the treatment of inflammatory degenerative joint diseases. Structure of oleocanthal.
Medicinal Plants Research
Published in Vikas Kumar, Addepalli Veeranjaneyulu, Herbs for Diabetes and Neurological Disease Management, 2018
Phenolic compounds of medicinal plants demonstrate strong neuroprotective properties, via activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and PKB (PKB/Akt) signaling pathways which triggers the production of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-response element-binding protein (CREB) and neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression which improvise memory, learning, cognitive tasks and initiate growth of new neurons.310–312 A great example is derived from the virgin olive oil phenolic compound oleocanthal which demonstrate therapeutic activities in the treatment of AD disease via clearance of Aβ from the brain.313–315 In AM, curcuminoid polyphenol Curcumin which is extracted from the turmeric root (C. longa L.), demonstrate great neuroprotective properties in vitro and in AM.316,317 In AD, MLS, PD, schizophrenia and depression AM, Curcumin has been shown to be actively involved in the regulation of the cellular neuronal pathways, especially inflammatory mediators (NF-kB, cytokines—TNFa/IL-1 and IL-6), and have been supressing production and metabolism of amyloid precursor, and inhibiting amyloid-b fibril formation.318,319 In the rat’s PD model, curcumin, which possess anti-neuroinflammatory, antioxidant, and neuritogenesis-inducing effects, demonstrated neuroprotective properties and treated cognitive deficits via recovery of hippocampal BDNF and ERK1/2 plays and triggering promotion of neural regeneration.320,321 The 3,4-secocycloartene triterpenoid extracted from Schisandra chinensis extract (usually used for insomnia and fatigue, to increase energy, memory, learning abilities, and as a mild sedative), inhibits NO production, increases BDNF, c-Fos expression, as well as induce neuritogenesis through the Ca2+-calmodulin-mediated kinase II and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in PC12 cells in AM.322 Clerodane type diterpenoids derived from the methanolic extract of Ptychopetalum olacoides and Croton sp. mimic the NGF and promote neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells.323
Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease: A Nutritional Toxicology Perspective of the Impact of Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Nutrigenomics and Environmental Chemicals
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2020
Aayushi Agnihotri, Okezie I. Aruoma
The fatty acid composition (mainly oleic acid - a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid), vitamins and polyphenols in olive oil are responsible for longevity, and beneficial for cognitive deficit in age-related neurodegenerative diseases (64). Olive oil has more than 30 phenolic compounds including the three major variants oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol and oleocanthal (65). Oleocanthal, a phenolic component of extra-virgin olive oil, enhances β-amyloid clearance by up-regulating major β-amyloid transport proteins (P-glycoprotein and LDL lipoprotein receptor related protein-1) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) (66), inhibits the aggregation of tau protein aggregation into neurofibrillary tangles (67), and thus reduces a risk of Alzheimer's disease. Oleuropein Aglycone, another polyphenol present in olive oil, hinders β-amyloid and tau proteins aggregation, autophagy impairment, and neuroinflammation (68).
Anti-Inflammatory Subfractions Separated from Acidified Chloroform Fraction of Fenugreek Seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2018
Mostafa Pournamdari, Ali Mandegary, Fariba Sharififar, Ghazaleh Zarei, Rahele Zareshahi, Amir Asadi, Mohammad Mehdipour
Ginger suppresses prostaglandin synthesis through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (Han et al., 2013). The anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin, a yellow pigment from turmeric, is most likely mediated through its ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2, lipoxygenase (LOX), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (Menon & Sudheer, 2007). Oleocanthal (in virgin olive oil) possesses anti-inflammatory properties similar to those in to ibuprofen (Lucas, Russell, & Keast, 2011).