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Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
A woman had experienced recurrent severe dermatitis on sun-exposed skin. She always wore sunscreens before being exposed to sunlight. She also had a history of contact dermatitis from some fragrances, fragranced products, and jewelry. When patch tested, there were positive reactions to nickel sulfate, Myroxylon pereirae resin, a commercial eau de toilette used by the patient, ethylhexyl salicylate (octisalate) 5% pet., and a sunscreen containing this UV-absorber. Photopatch tests gave the same results as those seen in the sunscreens not exposed to UVA. A ROAT with ethylhexyl salicylate was positive after 4 days. The patient declined subsequent patch testing with other salicylates. However, she agreed to a double-blinded right-versus-left antecubital provocative use test with plain petrolatum versus cis-3-hexenyl salicylate 3% pet., which was chosen because it was present in the eau de toilette to which the patient reacted and it was also a salicylate. After 3 days of twice-daily applications, the patient developed contact dermatitis at the cis-3-hexenyl salicylate application site. She had no further dermatitis after 1 year of follow-up while using fragrance-free and ethylhexyl salicylate-free skin care products (4).
Novel UV Filtering Agents for Next-Generation Cosmetics: From Phytochemicals to Inorganic Nanomaterials
Published in Madhu Gupta, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Vikas Sharma, Nagendra Singh Chauhan, Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Phytoconstituents, 2020
Cinnamates, salicylates octocrylene, and ensulizole are also active organic UV protective agents. Cinnamates are octinoxate (octyl methoxycinnamate [OMC]) and cinoxate (2-ethoxyethyl-methoxycinnamate). OMC is a potent UVB absorber and is the most frequently used sunscreen ingredient. Salicylates are weak UVB absorbers, and they are generally used in combination with other UV filters. Both octisalate and homosalate are water insoluble that leads to their high substantivity, which is the ability to retain its effectiveness after exposure to water and perspiration. Otocrylene has an excellent safety profile with low irritation, phototoxicity, and photoallergic potential and is used in combination with other UV absorbers to achieve higher SPF formulas and to add stability. Ensulizole or phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid is water soluble, and it is used in products formulated to feel lighter and less oily, such as daily use cosmetic moisturizers. It is a selective UVB filter, allowing almost all UVA transmission.
Sunscreens
Published in Dimitris Rigopoulos, Alexander C. Katoulis, Hyperpigmentation, 2017
The salicylates are relatively weak UVB absorbers but do have the ability to stabilize other agents, thereby preventing photodegradation. Consequently, they are used in combination with other organics. This group includes octisalate, homosalate, and trolamine salicylate.
Prospects of topical protection from ultraviolet radiation exposure: a critical review on the juxtaposition of the benefits and risks involved with the use of chemoprotective agents
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2018
Nilutpal Sharma Bora, Bhaskar Mazumder, Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
Octisalate, homosalate, and trolamine salicylate fall within the class of salicylates which is the weakest organic UVB agents. These ingredients have been known to posses very good safety profiles and are used in conjugation with other sunscreens in relatively high concentrations to augment UVB protection. The photodegradation of other active sunscreen ingredients can be reduced with salicylates such as homosalate and octisalate. These are available in the form of hydrophobic liquids which can serve as solvents for other sunscreens as well as provide water repellent properties (64). Alternatively, the salicylate trolamine salicylate is water soluble which is extensively found in hair care products.
Dispelling myths about sunscreen
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Sabrina Lichon Bennett, Amor Khachemoune
The U.S. FDA regulates sunscreen products and classifies them as over-the-counter drugs. In 2019, FDA proposed a new rule describing which sunscreen ingredients are generally recognized as safe and effective (GRASE) (41). The two ingredients found in physical sunscreens, titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, are currently classified as GRASE as studies have shown them to be safe and not systemically absorbed (41–43). Two ingredients that are not GRASE include PABA and tolamine salicylate, which you cannot find in any sunscreen sold in the United States (3,42). Some ingredients found in chemical sunscreens do not have sufficient data yet to determine their GRASE classification, and the proposed rule asks for more data to be provided to the FDA before ruling on their GRASE classification (41). Since the proposed rule, there have been two studies looking at the systemic absorption of certain chemical sunscreens (44–45). The first study looked at the systemic levels of four chemical UV filters (avobenzone, oxybenzone, octocrylene, and ecamsule) after maximal use conditions (application four times a day), while the second study looked at systemic levels of seven chemical UV filters (avobenzone, oxybenzone, octocrylene, homosalate, octisalate, and octinoxate) after single application. Both studies found systemic levels of these UV filters exceeded the FDA threshold for safety testing (plasma concentration >0.05 ng/mL) under both protocols (44–45). While these ingredients are systemically absorbed, the FDA has not ruled these ingredients unsafe and does not explicitly say to stop using sunscreens with these ingredients as there is not enough data on the health effects of these ingredients (3). If individuals are concerned about the possible health effects of these ingredients, we recommend choosing physical sunscreen as the current studies show them to be safe (38–39).
The use of estradiol metered-dose transdermal spray in clinical practice
Published in Climacteric, 2018
T. Fait, A. Fialova, Z. Pastor
The spray contains 1.7% estradiol, 8.5% octisalate, and ethanol. The volume of one dose is 90 μl and the adaptor delineating the application area is placed against the skin of the inner side of an arm or a thigh. Each container comprises 56 doses. One to three separate doses (sprays) are applied daily without overlapping. The application is always started by one spray, and if the clinical response is not adequate, the dose is increased after 1 month