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Introduction to Drugs and Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Known human teratogens were identified through careful interpretation of data from case reports, clinical series, and epidemiologic studies. A recurrent pattern of anomalies in babies who sustained similar well-defined exposures at similar points during embryogenesis is suggestive that the agent in question may be teratogenic. Case reports are important in raising causal hypotheses. However, most hypotheses from case reports are subsequently proven incorrect. For example, a high incidence of environmental exposure to spermicides by pregnant women and congenital anomalies in offspring is a coincidental occurrence, despite what the legal outcome was. The law and case decisions are not a true reflection of truth, but usually the confluence of political and economic concerns used to beguile a jury. Dr. Robert Brent remarked after a huge failure in judgment found incorrectly found that spermicides caused birth defects that such substances were litogens, substances that cause lawsuits, not birth defects. For the record, nonoxynols in spermicides are NOT associated with an increased risk of birth defects.
Contraception
Published in S Paige Hertweck, Maggie L Dwiggins, Clinical Protocols in Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 2022
Nonoxynol-9Decreases sperm motilityAvailable over the counterCan be used with any other method
Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Nonoxynol-9 is a non-ionic surfactant used as a vaginal spermicide. Spermicides are locally acting non-hormonal contraceptives. When present in the vagina during intercourse, they immobilize/inactivate/damage and/or kill sperms without eliciting systemic effects (1). Nonoxynol-9 has been in use for more than 30 years as an over-the-counter drug in creams, gels, foams and condom lubricants. It is the most commonly used spermicidal contraceptive in the United Kingdom and the USA, although it has certain drawbacks and limitations (1).
Utilization of propranolol hydrochloride mucoadhesive invasomes as a locally acting contraceptive: in-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo evaluation
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Mahmoud H. Teaima, Moaz A. Eltabeeb, Mohamed A. El-Nabarawi, Menna M. Abdellatif
Nonoxynol-9 is a common surface-active agent spermicide. It is commercially available as vaginal pessaries, acts by destroying the lipids in the sperm, and causes excessive loss of sperm motion. On the other side, it causes ulcers to genital tissues and inflammation, especially if utilized daily. As a result, spermicides without detergent-type membrane toxicity might provide-significant merit over detergent-type spermicides (Tasdighi et al., 2012). Membrane-stabilizing drugs such as quinine, propranolol hydrochloride (PNL), chlorpromazine, and phenoxybenzamine were reported to restrain the motility of spermatozoa in-vitro (Moudgil et al., 2002). Hong et al. (1981) studies and clinical studies by Zipper et al. (1983), supported that PNL could be used as a spermicide when administered vaginally.
Lubricants for the promotion of sexual health and well-being: a systematic review
Published in Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 2022
Caitlin E. Kennedy, Ping Teresa Yeh, Jingjia Li, Lianne Gonsalves, Manjulaa Narasimhan
Our review found limited data on the association between lubricant use and STIs/HIV, except for one RCT showing that women who used lubricants were not more likely to acquire HPV. This finding is encouraging, particularly given the long-standing negative reverberations of evidence two decades ago that spermicides containing nonoxynol-9 did not protect against HIV infection and may even have increased HIV risk among women using these products frequently.41 While there has been substantial interest in lubricant use to reduce the risk of condom breakage and thus reduce HIV/STI risk,42 our review did not identify studies in this area. It is possible that many HIV trials provide condoms and lubricant to both study arms and thus do not provide comparative data on lubricant use versus no lubricant use, or that they measure outcomes such as condom slippage or breakage which were not in our a priori list of outcomes. It is also possible that our search string, which focused on studies with lubricant terms in the title or abstract, did not catch these trials.
Cow ghee fortified ocular topical microemulsion; in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo evaluation
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2019
Aashu Gupta, Kritika Nayak, Manju Misra
FA was obtained as kind gift sample from Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd (Mumbai, India).Capmul MCM EP/NF, Capmul MCM C8 EP/NF, Captex300 EP/NF and Acconon MC8-2 EP/NF were generously gifted by Abitec Corporation Ltd. (Mumbai, India). Capryol 90, Labrafil M 1944 CS, Labrafil M 2125 CS, Lauroglycol, Labrasol, Transcutol, Peceol and Maisine 35–1 were gift samples received from Gattefosse Pvt. Ltd. (Mumbai, India). Tween 80, Tween 20, Span 80, Span 60, Isopropyl myristate, and Triton X-100 were purchased from HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. (Mumbai, India). Propylene glycol and PEG-400 were procured from S. D. Fine Chemicals (Mumbai, India). Triton X-405 were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, India. Acrysol K-140 was obtained from Corel Pharma Chem, India. PEG-600 and sucrose was obtained from Fischer Scientific (Mumbai, India). Nonoxynol-9 was gifted by Dhiren Chemicals (Vadodara, India). Cow ghee of Amul brand (because of its well characterised nature (Antony et al.2017)) was purchased from local shop in Ahmedabad. All remaining chemicals and reagents used were of analytical grade and used without further purification.