China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Ear Trauma
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Proven effective methods of prevention are oral decongestants, regular use of an OtoventTM nasal balloon, Eustachian tube balloon dilation and nasal septal (vomeroethmoidal) surgery. ‘Flight earplugs’ to decrease the rate of external auditory canal pressure change may improve the ability to ‘equalise’ middle ear pressures. Topical nasal decongestant sprays are ineffective. Rhinitis should be treated, but individuals should not dive with upper respiratory infections.
Rhinitis
Published in Pudupakkam K Vedanthan, Harold S Nelson, Shripad N Agashe, PA Mahesh, Rohit Katial, Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician, 2021
Vinay Mehta, Srinivasan Ramanuja, Pramod S Kelkar
Intranasal decongestants include phenylephrine, oxymetazoline, xylometazoline and naphazoline. Although available over-the-counter, they are not meant to be used as monotherapy or for long-term use, as downregulation of alpha-adrenergic receptor develops after 3 to 7 days, and can result in rebound nasal congestion. In contrast, the combination of a topical nasal decongestant and topical corticosteroid may effectively treat symptoms without causing rhinitis medicamentosa.
Ear, nose and throat
Published in Gina Johnson, Ian Hill-Smith, Chirag Bakhai, The Minor Illness Manual, 2018
Gina Johnson, Ian Hill-Smith, Chirag Bakhai
Nasal decongestant drops or sprays, for example, Otrivine®PC, for no more than 3 days (two to three drops or one spray up to three times a day). They are licensed for 7 days’ use but see Wallace et al. (2008)
Current and emerging treatment modalities for bacterial rhinosinusitis in adults: a comprehensive review
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Maria Gabriella Matera, Barbara Rinaldi, Vito de Novellis, Paola Rogliani, Mario Cazzola
Based on the available data, the EPOS2020 steering committee is dubious about the possible use of an anti-leukotriene treatment, mainly montelukast, in CRS and does not advocate treatment unless patients are unable to take nasal corticosteroids [14]. Furthermore, the research comparing montelukast to nasal corticosteroids is of low quality [14]. The research comparing antihistamines to placebo is also of poor quality. Consequently, there is inadequate data to decide on the effect of frequent antihistamine usage in treating CRS patients [14]. In general, the EPOS2020 steering group advises against using nasal decongestants in these patients [14]. In cases when the nose is extremely congested, a nasal decongestant may be added to the nasal corticosteroid therapy.
Psychiatric and non-psychiatric drugs causing false-positive amphetamines urine test in psychiatric patients: a pharmacovigilance analysis using FAERS
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2023
Vera Battini, Giovanna Cirnigliaro, Luca Giacovelli, Maria Boscacci, Silvia Massara Manzo, Giulia Mosini, Greta Guarnieri, Michele Gringeri, Beatrice Benatti, Emilio Clementi, Bernardo Dell’Osso, Carla Carnovale
Immunoassay techniques being used for UDS included cloned enzyme donor immunoassay, enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT, a form of enzyme immunoassay), fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA), immunoturbidimetric assay, and radioimmunoassay (RIA). Mass spectrometry (MS) was the most used methodology to verify the results obtained by immunoassay technique. MS is considered the gold standard for confirmatory testing. By definition, all positive results on MS are true positives. The latter is the most accurate, sensitive, and reliable method of testing, able to identify even minimal quantities of substance; however, the test is time-consuming, costly, requires a high level of expertise to perform, and, above all, is limited or nonexistent in many hospital laboratories. Therefore, in clinical practice, positive results from immunoassay are rarely checked with this confirmatory test [53]. Another important limitation of MS is that, once performed, results are generally unavailable for days. Therefore, during the daily practice routine, clinicians are generally prone to trust the result of the immunoassay [39,47,72,73]. Moreover, old GC–MS techniques for confirmation did not have specific isomeric detection for amphetamines and their derivatives. As an example, the l-methamphetamine is marketed as a nasal decongestant, while the other isomer is a drug of abuse: the marketed drug might have percentages of impurity that are detected by mistake. Failures in the identification of the correct methamphetamine stereoisomer in urine might lead to incorrect interpretation of UDS. Nowadays, new techniques are available but still cannot always distinguish between the pharmacologically approved stereoisomer and its impurity [74].
The pharmacotherapeutic management of obstructive sleep apnea
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2019
Stefano Marra, Dario Arnaldi, Lino Nobili
OSA patients often have inferior turbinate hypertrophy. In a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study, oxymetazoline (0.05% solution, 0.4 mL), a nasal decongestant, was administered during one-night study twice in each nostril: on sleep onset and after three hours. Apnea events number significantly improved, but no significant change in the hypopnea index was found [40]. This last finding has been interpreted as a possible transformation of some apneas in hypopnea events.