China 
Africa 
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Toward a Cultural Psychology of African Americans
Published in Walter J. Lonner, Dale L. Dinnel, Deborah K. Forgays, Susanna A. Hayes, Merging Past, Present, and Future in Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2020
Finally, spirituality can be defined as the belief in nonmaterial causation in human affairs (Jones, 1986). That is, what happens to us is determined in some measure by forces or energies that are beyond our control. Those forces are not haphazard but are part of a system of meaning and energy that determines human events. According to Jahn (1961) the basic force is Ntu, and influences human beings (muntu), all things (kintu), all places and all time (hantu), and modalities of existence (kuntu). A person who is spiritual shares cause-effect agency with ntu, and does not claim it all for him or herself.
Urban water supply and water treatment
Published in Sandy Cairncross, Richard Feachem, Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics, 2018
Sandy Cairncross, Richard Feachem
As a rule, if the turbidity of the source water regularly exceeds 50 NTU, then some form of pre-treatment is required. This may take the form of an intake drain laid beneath the river bed, so that the river bed itself is used as a preliminary filtration medium. An increasingly promising technology for pre-treatment is the horizontal roughing filter, which is simple and cheap to build and operate. A helpful review of horizontal roughing filters including design theory and guidelines, and experiences from a number of countries, is provided by Nkwonta and Ochieng (2009).
Mathematical Modeling of Dialysis
Published in Sirshendu De, Anirban Roy, Hemodialysis Membranes, 2017
The efficiency of a hemodialyzer is defined as and , where indices i and o indicate the inlet and the outlet, C denotes concentration of solute and subscripts B and D indicate blood and dialysate sides, respectively, QB and QD indicate blood and dialysate flow rates, respectively. Hence, the following equation results: Simplifying Eq. 7.4930, we have:where NTU is the number of transfer units defined as . The solute transport is thus expressed as
Impact of IgG subclass on molecular properties of monoclonal antibodies
Published in mAbs, 2021
Yu Tang, Paul Cain, Victor Anguiano, James J. Shih, Qing Chai, Yiqing Feng
Turbidity was assessed by microplate spectrofluorometer (SpectraMax M5, San Jose, CA). 100 μL aliquot samples were plated in 96-well Special Optics Black Plates (Corning, Glendale, AZ) and read at ambient temperatures of 20–25°C. Plate based small-volume turbidity analysis (Microturbidity) is a noncompendial method, developed in-house that affords a numerical value to the opalescence and turbidity of mAb formulations. Analysis is based on using absorbance, to measure the amount of light transmission through a sample at a wavelength of 540 nm. The increase or decrease in absorbance can be converted to NTU by a linear regression means using a calibration curve generated from Formazin calibration standards (Millipore Sigma, St. Louis, MO) at various ranges of turbidity. All mAb samples were measured in formulation condition of 90 mg/mL in buffer matrix consisting of 5 mM histidine buffer pH6.0, 280 mM mannitol, and 0.02% (w/v) polysorbate 80. All prepared samples were equilibrated at 5°C over 24 hours prior to measurement.
Using ultraviolet light for improved antifouling performance on ship hull coatings
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Kelli Z. Hunsucker, Cierra Braga, Harrison Gardner, Michel Jongerius, Roelant Hietbrink, Bart Salters, Geoffrey Swain
Lamp irradiance models using the LightTools software package (Synopsys, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA) were created to represent the time-averaged intensity of the UVC light on the coatings (Salters and Piola 2017). Turbidity at Port Canaveral typically ranges from 1 to 10 NTU. For a wavelength of 254 nm, it has been reported that artificial seawater (3.51 NTU) has a transmittance of 74.9% (Rubio et al. 2013). Based on this, the authors selected two transmittance values (60% and 85%) to accommodate both the higher and lower turbidity conditions which may have occurred during the study. The time-averaged intensity was determined for both the 25 mm and 50 mm distances (Figures 2 and 3) and an exposure of 1 min/day.
Self-emulsifying drug delivery system for enhanced solubility of asenapine maleate: design, characterization, in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo appraisal
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Harani Avasarala, Sathis Kumar Dinakaran, Ravishankar Kakaraparthy, Vijaya Ratna Jayanti
The oil, surfactant and co-surfactant range were selected from the region of micro emulsification. The higher concentrations of surfactant and co-surfactant were avoided in designing the formulation considering the toxicity produced by higher concentrations of those excipients. The concentration of drug was taken as 1% after observing the effect of drug loading. Totally 16 formulations were selected and prepared. The final formulae for a batch size of 10 grams and its evaluation parameters results are presented in Table 1. All the 16 formulations SES1 to SES16 were evaluated in vitro and ex vivo to optimize the best formulation. The drug content of ASM in the formulations from SES1 to SES16 was found to be in the range of 95.01 to 99.95, which was considered to be within the acceptable range of 95 to 105%. The formulations SES10, SES14 and SES16 were graded as ‘B’ (translucent) after visual assessment while other formulations were graded as ‘A’ (transparent). The turbidity was measured for the formulations using nephelometer. The turbidity was in the range of 9.4 ± 0.29 to 29.7 ± 0.10 NTU and the percentage transmittance was in the range of 90.12 ± 0.10 to 98.73 ± 0.34%. The maximum percentage transmittance and minimum turbidity were observed for the formulation SES4. Among the 16 formulations, SES4 (9.4 ± 0.29 NTU and 98.73 ± 0.34%), SES1 (10.3 ± 0.09 NTU and 97.84 ± 0.04%) and SES7 (13.3 ± 0.18 NTU and 97.32 ± 0.11%) showed low values of turbidity and high values of percentage transmittance indicating their ability to form finer microemulsions on reconstitution after administration.